Foot Bone Cancer

This cancer is a bone cancer that attack the bones, especially large bones. This cancer is named osteogenic sarcoma(Osteosarcoma) for medical term (“Osteosarcoma”, n.d.). Osteosarcoma mostly affects people under 25 years old, and it can affect old people but it is really rare(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012). When this cancer attacks, it grows bones, and any type of bone (“Bone cancer”,2013). This cancer is an ancient disease that we started to recognize in 1805. Most of the symptoms are on the bones (“Bone cancer”,2013). It also is not contagious so its not passed from person to person like other diseases.

Discoveries relating to the human lineage are extremely exciting and often baffling. This is the case with the recent discovery of what seems to be the oldest member of the human family. A skull found in northern Chad in 2001, has been deemed the earliest relative to the human ever found. Nicknamed Toumai, and discovered by Michel Brunet and his paleontology team, this new category of human has been given the scientific name, Sahelanthropus tchaensis. What makes this skull so definitive is the fact that it dates back approximately 6-7 million years in the earth’s history (Whitfield 2002). Since the discovery there have been anthropologists and paleontologists that have

"Within days tests showed I had a seven-inch tumor, an osteosarcoma in my left femur"(Feiler). Bruce Feiler was one of the many victims who suffered from a disease called bone cancer. His story was documented in various websites, magazines, and newspapers and provided the readers with some of his own experience and how it impacted his life. Feiler found out he had cancer 38 years after breaking his left femur. There was found an elevated level of phosphatase in his blood and the doctor recommended taking more tests in order to check if it could be a serious illness. Then, he was told that the tumor in his leg was not consistent with the benign tumor. This news shocked

There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton; these bones relate to movement, posture, and protect internal organs (American society of Clinical Oncology, 2012).Bones connect to bones with ligaments and are covered and protected by cartilage (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012).Cancer of the bone is rare but is caused by normal bone marrow and tissues inside the bone that change and form tumors(American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The tumor happens in the bone and is benign it does not spread (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The benign tumor can press against surrounding tissues and weaken the bone it it grows big enough (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Malignant bone tumors break the surrounding tissue and cortex, hard covering of the bone (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The tumor can then get into the bloodstream and spread all over the body (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Osteosarcoma and ewing sarcoma are the two most common type of bone cancer (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Chondrosarcoma is more common in adults and is cancer of the cartilage (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The last type of bone cancer is chordoma which usually starts in the lower spinal cord (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Ewing sarcoma is a type of bone cancer that affects the hip, rib, and middle of bone most often (National Cancer Institution, 2015). Ewing

Scientists have been able to discover things about our past that are almost inconceivable over 150 years ago when Charles Darwin was releasing his book, “The Origin of Species” (Gibbons, 2009a). Fossils from different australopith species have been found that lived between 4 million and 2 million years ago that show the clearer transition to human. The author, Kate Wong (2013) believes the Australopithecus sediba is the most important human ancestor discovered. Even though the discovery of Au. sediba allowed anthropologists to see human species a long time ago, there are opinions on whether it was the most important human ancestor discovered. This essay will explore how hominids have gone through many changes to get from Ardipithecus to Homo habilis and the important discoveries by scientists and what I think is the most important to the study of human origins.

In this paper, Osteosarcoma will be taken apart by details. The symptoms, treatment, signs, and other details will be discussed and explained. In a normal bone for most people there are two types of cells; osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are what build up our bones by forming the bone matrix and therefore gives us the strength in our bones. Osteoclasts on the other hand break down the bone matrix so that we don’t get too much of it and that helps the bones to keep its proper shape. In Osteosarcoma the osteoblasts are what help make up the cancer in the bones. The bones do not have as strong of a bone matrix. This type of cancer is most commonly found in kids and young adults. There are three forms of treatment but not

In this article “A New Kind of Ancestor: Ardipithecus Unveiled”, Ann Gibbon explains the discovery of an international Scientific’s team. This finding is the oldest known human ancestor skeleton and it has 4.4 million years. The Ardipithecus ramidus is the most complete earliest hominin found until now because it has the pelvis, hands, feets and most of the skull and teeth, it is bipedal and its features show a new early hominin, but is still being similar to other species.

Hominin is a group of modern humans, extinct human species and all of our immediate ancestors, such as members of Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Ardipithecus. Of those members, Australopithecus is one of the extinct genuses of hominins. Based on paleontological and archaeological findings, the Australopithecus genus evolved in Eastern African around 4 million years ago. During this time period, different australopithecine species emerged, including A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. anamensis and A. garhi – to name a few.

Biological, (also known as physical) anthropology works to identity species, mainly through the analysis of bones, and teeth, and strives to further learn about their way of life. In anthropology today many scientific discoveries have been made through skeletal findings in the field. Although, from the many discoveries that have been made there are a few that stand out as having ground breaking effects for the world of biological anthropology. Such findings include, the Taung child who displayed signs of early human bipedalism, Lucy, which gave rise to the species of Australopithecus afarensis, and Turkana boy, which is the most complete Homo erectus skeleton. Anthropology has worked to answer questions about human evolution and our early ancestors. The Taung child, Lucy, and the Turkana boy have all provided anthropologists with scientific proofs and evidence that will help to further understand our ancestry.

A small number of bone cancers are due to heredity. For example, children who have had hereditary retinoblastoma (an uncommon cancer of the eye) are at a higher risk of developing osteosarcoma, particularly if they are treated with radiation. Additionally, people who have hereditary defects of bones and people with metal implants, which doctors sometimes use to repair fractures, are more likely to develop osteosarcoma (4). Ewing sarcoma is not strongly associated with any heredity cancer syndromes, congenital childhood diseases, or previous radiation exposure (2).

“The elongated skulls that were found are not only larger in terms of cranial capacity than modern humans, but the eye sockets are much bigger, jaw is much larger, and the actual bone material is sometimes 60% heavier than a modern human being.” This is important

After radium was discovered in 1898 by the Curies, it quickly became a popular cure for cancer, as well as other common diseases. It became a health tonic for many people, and it was used in many everyday products such as food, cosmetics, paint, and even toothpaste. Radium was then commonly used in watches to make the dials glow in the dark. However, to get these fine numbers on the watch faces, the young girls who would paint them would lick the radium covered brushes for a fine point This introduced the element very efficiently and quickly into the girls’ bodies (Prisco, 2017). Everybody, no matter where in the world they live, is bound to come into contact with radium at some point in their lives, seeing as how it occurs

garhi fossils give evidence that it could have possibly been an ancestor to the Homo genus. One of those characteristics lies within the dentition. The ratio between A. garhi’s canines and premolars is similar to that of the Homo genus, but it is also important to note that other australopithecines, A. afarensis and A. africanus, have similar ratios. However, where A. garhi differs from these australopithecines is in the size and robustness of their molars. Less robust molars could mean that A. garhi was eating less fibrous foods and shifting to a more omnivorous diet. This hypothesis is somewhat supported by the finding of fossilized stone tools near the discovery sites. It is theorized that A. garhi might have used these stone tools to eat meat and marrow from bones, as animal bones found near the discovery site show distinctive cut marks (“Australopithecus Garhi” 2016). Another characteristic that supports its connection to the Homo genus is the shortening of the long bones of the lower arm and the elongation of the femur in the upper leg. Through a comparison of these long bones to other hominin species, this has been a proposed model of long bone evolution from chimpanzees to modern humans. In this model, A. garhi is thought to be the intermediary to this evolution, with the long bones of the arm more comparable to Homo sapiens while the femur had yet to undergo elongation. However, the femur is longer than other

Genetic evidence sheds considerable light on the origins of the hominid lineage. An increasing body of fossil data helps us to understand where and when hominids came into existence. The first signs of hominid evolution are the morphological changes associated with bipedality, a locomotor pattern that offered fitness, advantages in a new environment. However, other behaviors remained similar to those of nonhuman primates. Dramatic progress came with the evolution of Homo erectus, who exhibited more "human" morphology and life ways. Thus, behavioral, fossil and artifact data couple to give us a glimpse into our evolutionary past.

Homo erectus, the “upright man”, was one of the first human ancestors to posses human like body proportions. This hominid had long legs and shorter arms, suggesting that this hominid was our first ancestor with the ability to run like Homo sapiens can today (Smithsonian). While it is clear that Homo erectus is one of the earliest human ancestors to posses similar human features, it is unclear and a controversial topic to classify this early hominid. One reason for this is that “…the cranium (skull minus lower jaw)—e.g., large teeth, sagittal keels (narrow areas of thickened bone extending from just behind the brows to the back of the skull) and massiveness of the neurocranium (the part of the skull that covers and protects the brain) and face—are found only in Asian H. erectus fossils” (Dorey). Some scientists assert skeletons found in Asia look very