Formal Lab Report # 1: Antacid

To begin the separation of the sucrose from the Panacetin, approximately 3 grams of Panacetin was transferred to a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Added to the flask was 50 mL of dichloromethane to dissolve the Panacetin to aid in the separation. A fluted filter paper was used to filter the Panacetin and dichloromethane mixture by gravity using a glass funnel. The remaining filtrate was set aside than transferred to a separatory funnel and the substance on the filter paper was dried and weighed. The filtrate was extracted with 2 increments of 25-mL portions of aqueous 1 M sodium hydroxide. During this step the filtrate in the separatory funnel was shook and vented 3 times.

Ever wonder about the chemical makeup of tablets that people take for pain relief? Before a tablet can be successfully made, the limiting and excess reactants must be considered. The limiting reactant will affect the amount of the product that can be made. Another reason why the starting reactants must be determined carefully is to make reduce the amount of the reactant in excess so that reactants are not wasted. This experiment uses an Alka-Seltzer tablet. Alka-Seltzer dissolves in water and is an antacid and a pain reliever1. The Alka-Seltzer tablet has many uses such as relief of headaches, ingestion, heart burns, or even upset stomachs2. The active ingredients in an Alka-Seltzer tablet is aspirin, also known as acetyl-salicylic acid (C8H12O4), citric acid (C6H8O7), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)2. The aspirin in the Alka-Seltzer tablet helps with pain relief. Because of the acid-base chemistry (Brønsted-Lowry), citric acid and sodium bicarbonate produce O2, which makes the tablet fizz when it is dropped in liquid. The Brønsted-Lowry theory shows how the Brønsted-Lowry acid donates a hydrogen ion while the Brønsted-Lowry base accepts the hydrogen ions3. The remaining NaHCO3 that is in excess post reaction with the citric acid is what is used to neutralize stomach acid which helps relief heart burn2. The problem in

The purpose of experiment three was to identify the unknown component in the drug Panacetin. The use of physical properties can help identify unknown compounds and estimate the degree of their purities. In this experiment, solubility in boiling water and melting point were used to determine if the unknown was acetanilide or phenacetin. Since both compounds are soluble in boiling water and insoluble in cold water, recrystallization was used to remove any impurities from the solid.

The purpose of this lab is to investigate the composition of a compound suspected to be Panacetin, a type of pain-killer. Panacetin is typically made up of sucrose, aspirin, and acetaminophen, but the third component in this experiment is unknown. The unknown component is suspected to be a chemical relative of acetaminophen, either acetanilide or phenacetin. Using techniques such as extraction, evaporation, and filtration, the three components will be isolated based on their solubilities and acid-base properties. Then, the percent composition of Panacetin can be deduced based on the masses of the three dried components. The

Pre-Lab: Analgesic drugs are known for reducing pain, while antiseptic drugs reduce symptoms such as fevers and swelling. However, some of these drugs can reduce both illnesses. To obtain a pure compound in these drugs, the scientist needs to separate the desired compound by taking advantage of the different physical and chemical properties. Such as; different boiling points, melting points and their solubility properties. To do this a chemist can also asses the differences between acidic and basic substances when they are added to water soluble mixtures. Within this current experiment I will asses the

Enzymes are catalysts that function to speed up reactions; for example, the enzyme sucrose speeds up the hydrolysis of sucrose, which breaks down into glucose and fructose. They speed up reactions but are not consumed by the reaction that is taking place. The most important of the enzyme is the shape as it determines which type of reaction the enzyme speeds up. Enzymes work by passing/lowering and energy barrier and in doing so; they need to bind to substrates via the active. Once they do, the reaction speeds up so much more quickly than it would without the enzyme. Coenzymes and cofactors aid the enzyme when it comes to binding with the substrate. They change the shape of the active site so the substrate can bind properly and perform its function.

The build up of stomach acid may cause irritation and excess pain to individuals. Luckily, antacids being a weak base can help relieve the symptoms and pain. Antacids, such as Gelusil, Medi-Firs, Alka Seltzer, and Alcalak are neutralizing agents of acids that become helpful to the human body when heartburn occurs. Heartburn, also known as acid reflux is a common medical issue that occurs when hydrochloric acid (HCl) from the stomach moves backward along the digestive track to the esophagus (located within the throat). This reverse flow of fluids causes a burning sensation due to and possible sour taste that is characteristic of acids [1].

Antacids is a group of medicines which help to neutralise the acid content of your stomach (Patient Online). Many antiacid makers claim that there products are always the best to be used. Antacids can be used to treat: heartburn, indigestion and symptoms of acid reflux. Alka-seltzer is known for being a great painkiller that provides effective and fast relief of headaches and upset stomachs. There are many other brands that are similar to Alka-seltzer such as Tums & Rolaids. Tums are known to be America’s #1 Antacid brand, that goes to work instantly for fast heartburn relief (TUMs.com). Rolaids share some similarities from both Alka-seltzer and tums, with a slight difference in ingredients. During this experiment, the main focus is figuring

The purpose of this lab experiment was to determine the relationship between temperature and the rate of enzymatic activity in yeast cells. In the lab, the temperature was the independent variable. The temperatures consisted of 6°C, 24°C, 34°C, 46°C. The dependent variable in the experiment was the rate of enzymatic activity in yeast cells. The temperatures were tested by using a LabQuest and pressure probe that tested pressure inside the plastic test tube. LabQuest graphed the data and created a line of best fit that was used to determine the slope of the graph. The slope of the graph represents the rate of enzymatic activity. The slope was found for each temperature in 2 different trials. Then, the rate of enzyme activity (kPa/sec) for each temperature in the 2 trials were averaged. These averages were used to develop a graph that shows the relationship between temperature and the rate of enzyme activity. According to the results of the experiment, as the temperature increases, the rate of enzymatic activity decreases. Each enzyme has its own optimal temperature in which it can function efficiently.

The purpose of this experiment is to separate the components of Panacetin and to see if the actual percentages of the three components matched the expected percentages. The second purpose of this experiment is to identify the unknown component that is present in Panacetin. In real world applications, this can be used to separate and identify components of many different things. One example is of “biofuels and chemicals produced by biological processes such as fermentation and algae often require a liquid-liquid extraction as the first step in recovery and purification” (Typical Industrial Applications, 2017). Another example that could be more relevant is “essential oil extraction that is used in pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances

There are six common anthocyanidins (anthocyanin aglycones formed when anthocyanins are hydrolysed with acid), the magenta coloured cyanidin being the most common. Orange-red colours are due to the presence of pelargonidin with one less hydroxyl group than cyanidin, while mauve, purple and blue colours are generally due to delphinidin, which has one more hydroxyl group than cyanidin. Three anthocyanidin methyl ethers are also quite common: peonidin derived from cyanidin; and petunidin and malvidin, based on delphinidin. Each of these six anthocyanidins occurs with various sugars attached as a range of glycosides (i.e. as anthocyanins). The main variation is in the nature of the sugar (often glucose, but may also be galactose, rhamnose, xylose

In a chemical reaction with an acid and base combination, the base neutralizes the acid. Antacids follow this process once entered your body to soothe an upset stomach during heartburn. The scientist’s hypothesis is if a brand uses the least amount of average drops to neutralize the acid, then it is most potent. In order to test the hypothesis in the scientist’s experiment, they will test different brands of liquid antacid against each other to find out which is most potent in neutralizing lemon juice (acid). They will do this by having 3 different graduated cylinders, each filled with 10 drops of non-sugar grape juice (a natural acid-base indicator which changes color based upon what the pH of another liquid is when it makes contact with it) and 10 drops of lemon juice (acid). Each brand will have its own graduated cylinder. For

Excessive use of antacids (case study-using more than the recommended dose) may also cause metabolic alkalosis by neutralizing gastric acid, which has the same effect as loss from vomiting. Ingesting sodium bicarbonate as an antacid to neutralize gastric acid has the same effect as any other antacid. Any sodium bicarbonate ingested that exceeds the amount required to neutralize the gastric acid will be absorbed, contributing further to metabolic alkalosis.

| * 90% of customers uses aspirin based analgesics * Many of them are suffering from side effects such as upset stomach, irritation of the stomach lining, or an allergic reaction. * 10% of customers who generally visited doctors and who get prescription use acetaminophen thorough doctor’s recommendation.

When there is an overuse of antacids it inhibits protein digestion because antacids are the ones that neutralize and regulate stomach acid and when there is an overuse of antacids it means that there