Formal Observations : An Observational Study Of Research

Per Schmuck, (1997) “Observation methods are useful to researchers in a variety of ways. They provide researchers with the means to check for nonverbal expression of feelings, determine who interacts with whom, grasp how participants communicate with each other and check for how much time spent on various activities.”" Nevertheless, the Apple and Samsung needed to re-brand their great iconic name with unleashing of store coupons of $200.00 as experiment new customers. The

Naturalistic observational research is important because it allows researchers to observe people in a natural habitat without any variable manipulation. Most importantly in naturalistic observation, the researcher does not interfere with the situation in any way. Naturalistic observation can be structured or unstructured; for this study, unstructured naturalistic observation was mostly used. There were pre-determined characteristics that the researchers wrote down on a spreadsheet, however, specific behaviors were recorded as they happened (i.e., the type of reaction that resulted from each person who picked up the card). Naturalistic observation is important in psychological research because it gives insight into the natural behaviors of people. When a person is unaware they are being observed it reduces change in behavior, which can occur when if they are aware that they are being observed.

Naturalistic observation is observing behavior in an open, relaxed environment. This method allows a researcher to watch someone’s uninhibited reactions compared to surveys or case surveys where you can answer truthfully or untruthfully. The strengths of naturalistic observations are better generalizing, subjects are comfortable which adds to higher degree of realism

| -The observer may be biased-There is no control over variables, so it makes it difficult to draw conclusions (Brain, C, 2000).-Requires high level of participation which can cost a lot and take up a lot of time-People might change their behaviour if they know that they are being observed-Researcher might miss something while they are watching and taking notes (University of Surrey, 2014).

Passive observational studies tend to be high in external validity, while quantitative studies to be high in internal validity. Internal validity is more based on laboratory experiments and external validity is needed to apply that to the real world and situations. I believe both are needed to work together to ensure the draw the best conclusion.

Observational methods involve an investigator viewing users as they work and taking notes on the activity which takes place. Observation may be either direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or indirect, where the task is viewed by some other means such as through use of a video camera.

Jayden King Jr. is a seven-year-old boy who is currently in a District 75 program. Jayden Jr. is classified as emotionally disturbed since 2014 and is currently placed in an 8-1-1 second-grade class. Jayden Jr. has a one to one crisis paraprofessional to ensure the safety of the student’s and himself. The crisis paraprofessional works closely with the student to provide assistance with assignments, staying on task and transitioning throughout the building.

4. Psychologists observe and describe behavior through case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations. Case studies show us what can happen by observing behaviors. Most of the time they offer reliable ideas of behaviors that have not been studied before. Surveys act as a good representation of people’s attitudes or reported behaviors of a whole population. However, when producing a survey one must be careful to use careful wording and to pick a random sample. Adjusting survey questions with loaded words may shift the response and not offer a reliable representation. It is important to survey with a random sample of people to refrain from unbiased responses. Naturalistic observations describe behaviors in an uncontrolled setting. This method does not tell the cause and effect.

Participant observation, “can be dangerous, emotionally and physically draining and quite simply very hard work” (Inderbitzin, Bates, Gainey, 2016, p. 95). When utilizing this type of research method, there are many advantages and disadvantages that do exist. For example, researcher Patricia Adler conducted a classic study of high levels of drug dealing and smuggling. She wasn’t a drug dealer herself; however, she later revealed that she had used marijuana and cocaine. The advantages to the study was the validity she gained. Adler experienced firsthand the deviant behavior which allowed her to learn the language, customs, and

Quantitative question's objective in scientific research is for testing objects outside of the human race that respond only to variables and have mathematically set rules. The objective of a qualitative question is to study behaviors that respond to a set of rules that are affected not affected only mathematically but by a set of social rules. Deductive logic uses quantitative questions that allow a more solid outcome. Inductive inquire uses qualitative that allows a person to make an assumption because of the unpredictability of human behavior.

Easier to observe certain groups of individuals rather than using other methods to obtain information from the same individuals

Observational research is type of correlational (i.e., nonexperimental) research in which a researcher observes ongoing behavior. There are a variety of types of observational research, each of which has both strengths and weaknesses. These types are organized below by the extent to which an experimenter intrudes upon or controls the environment.

How does one observe while simultaneously participating? It is an awkward position for the researcher to be in—the very nature of the term “participant observation” is at odds with each other; therefore the author must keep a degree of distance in order to fully observe and record their observations. At the same time, the author must do as the locals do, which is: it is very important for the researcher to connect with members of the population. As the researcher gets to know the members of a group he or she will be studying, it is important that they learn to make friends quickly so they can be accepted in the community and obtain quality research in the form of observation, interviews, and accurately record field notes. Additionally, the researcher will have to take all their personal thoughts, interviews, and observations and organize the data with an eye towards their own biases and subjectivities. These are some of the positive aspects of participation observation, but there are many potential drawbacks as well.

These biases can lead to misrepresenting participants’ descriptions. Describing atypical individuals may lead to poor generalizations and detract from external validity.

The major advantage of observation studies over surveys, which obtain self-reported data from respondents, is that the data are free from distortions, inaccuracies, or other response biases due to memory error, social desirability bias, and so on. The data are recorded when the actual behavior takes place.