Forward Futures Options Essay

Valuations depend on forecasts. The reliability of the forecasts will then depend heavily on complete analysis of the industry, in addition to the evolving changes in the economy. It also requires understanding of the business and financial characteristic of the industry.

Valuation is the estimation of an asset’s value, whether real or financial, based on variables perceived to be related to future investment returns, on comparison with similar assets, or, when relevant, on estimates of immediate liquidation proceeds (Pinto, Henry, Robinson, Stowe; 2010). Correct valuation of real assets can present challenges to financial analysts. Different models can be used to arrive at the closest estimate of value and yet certain issues will always arise. This case attempts to tackle two approaches in real asset valuation: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis and the issues surrounding such, as well as the Black-Scholes Model for Real Options. Questions to be addressed in the study are:

2. These aluminum producers control huge aluminum resource so that the can manufacturer cannot put threat of backward integration. In contract, the aluminum producers are able to put threats of forward integration, just as Reynolds Metal integrated into aluminum cans.

In Forward integration involves company to develop strategy to control the firm product distribution either through distribution centers or retailers. It is a necessary action when companies have potential benefits from handling, shipping of their own products directly to customers, or the retail selling their own products in brand stores.

This type of trading was exclusive to banks and large corporations in the past, but now it is becoming a more widely available platform for average investors. This market is supported by international transactions, 24 hours a day, five days a week. The principle of supply and demand is the basic cause for price fluctuations with currency pairs. As the worth of one currency goes up against another, money is being mad or lost depending on the rapid sale or purchase of the currencies.

Our approach to valuing the processing plant can easily be decomposed into three distinct steps first, find the value of the foreseeable free cash flows. Next, calculate the terminal value of the project. Finally, take the present value of those flows. The next few paragraphs walk through each of these steps in order of progression.

Suppliers pose a credible threat of forward integration. Low -Medium. Its is possible of suppliers to integrate forward but there is no such mention in the case.

The option contract can be a convenient solution for the buyer when the demand is difficult to predict due to market volatility. This type of contract helps the buyer to reduce the inventory risk and keep good relations with the suppliers, as they both agree to fix a price and adjust orders quantities after the demand have been determined, paying a reservation price that will be lost if the buyer decide not to exercise the option. For the supplier, sometimes can be beneficial, sometimes not, depending on the uncertainty in the demand and how much it cost for them to fulfill orders in shorter periods of time. However, as the buyer must pay a reservation price, the supplier will always be compensated by the additional revenue resultant from the option.

Correct valuation of real assets can present challenges to financial analysts. Different models can be used to arrive at the closest estimate of value and yet certain issues will always arise.

Backward integration is a type of vertical integration in which a company takes control over its suppliers. It is a form of acquisition of the intermediary players involved in supplying the raw materials used in the production process of the firm. Raw materials, intermediate manufacturing and assembly are controlled by the firm whereas distribution to the end customer is done by a third party company. In this way, company increases production efficiency and gains a competitive advantage by lowering its production cost.

The Black Scholes Merton (BSM) model is the best-known model for valuing options as it is the original of many option pricing models today (Haug and Taleb, 2009; Le, 2015). Developed in 1973 by Fisher Black, Myron Scholes and Robert Merton, the BSM model is still widely used today as the benchmark for many models and techniques that financial analysts use to analyse and determine the fair prices of given options (Jumarie, 2010). It is widely used due to its simplicity however there are many criticisms regarding the assumptions made by the model (Bharath and Sumway, 2008; Haug and Taleb, 2009; Le, 2015)

The best futures contract for hedging a cash market risk exposure is one whose price sensitivity to interest rate changes is as close as possible to the sensitivity of the cash market risk exposure to interest rate changes. The higher the correlation between the interest rate on the futures contract and the interest rate in the spot market, the higher the immunization achieved against the losses / gains from the interest rate risk. Thus, the best futures

But, even though the possibility of winning exists, the company is exposed to a greater risk if it does not hedge. Moreover, the policy of the company is to ensure against the risk, not to speculate on the foreign exchange market.

While purchasing and offering forex, influence sure to hold to a top to bottom log of the majority of your options and exchanges. This is

The study will assume a starting capital of $100,000 with an interest rate of about 5 percent. Also, the study had USD 25 per contract transaction fee within a time frame of one year (366 days). The initials steps of the research deal with the calculation of the recorded future and the spot commodity prices in that period. The spot price was the price at