Four Groups of Microalgae

The purpose of this lab is to isolate photoheterotrophic bacteria using an enrichment culture from a sample of marine sediment. The enrichment culture provides the photoheterotrophic bacteria with specific conditions to promote growth.

Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment process includes physical extraction of dyes by adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion-exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another process to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical degradations are uneconomical and unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic, microbial culture. But purely anaerobic digestion of azo-dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result in high amounts of sludge [12-14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a solution with the advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].

All around the world, countries are fighting to keep their drinking water clean. Whether it’s streams, rivers, or lakes, countries have taken great measures to maintain high quality drinking water for both human consumption and animal consumption. Countries must first understand the sources of the polltion, then determine the best methods to eliminate the pollution. Clean drinking water is a valuable resource and a the key to human survival. Plants and animals also depend on water for their growth, so all water must be kept clean. The major contributors to water pollution can be classified in three categories, industrial, agricultural and municipal.

Most of the microalgal species, the main chemical component is protein with lower amount of carbohydrate and lipid. Lower percentage of protein is observed when cells were cultured at the highest temperature. The optimum temperature range for the protein production in the Australian species was 27-300C. Isochrysis sp. had higher protein content when cultured at 25-270C. There is no apparent change of percentage of protein with the growth

Algae is inevitable in any saltwater aquarium and will always be present as part of the natural ecosystem, however there are steps you can take as part of your ongoing saltwater aquarium maintenance schedule to decrease the rate and density of growth.There are several types of algae however the most common found in a saltwater aquarium is brown algae otherwise known as golden diatom algae.

Algenist is a well known clinical skincare brand that delivers innovative anti-aging products made out of Microalgae, one of the oldest and most nutrient-rich algae in the world. Based out of San Francisco, Algenist has strong roots in the field of biotechnology and has great expertise in the industry. Scientists have been studying Microalgae as a source of environmentally sustainable and renewable energy since many years and during this research they stumbled upon the benefits that Microalgae has to offer that revolutionized the skincare industry.

To grow, reproduce and sustain itself as a whole, algae needs sunlight, the right conditions, and a balance of nutrients. These thing may occur naturally or by controlled settings. Often for experimentation and testing, different nutrients will be added to the water to measure the

Division of Biological Sciences and the San Diego Center for Algae Biotechnology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

The wastewater pollution within China has affected the environment, society, and agriculture. For many years, the construction of urban drainage, sewage, and wastewater treatment has lagged far behind the development and environmental requirements for the city. Mainly water systems are used as irrigation for farmlands and personal consumption. Since the water shortage China's grain production has been dramatically effected. To retrieve water for grain production, rivers are drained dry and aquifers are depleted by China's water needs (Brown, 1998).

In terms of numbers, the most important groups of phytoplankton include the diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, although many other groups of algae are represented. One group, the coccolithophorids, is responsible (in part) for the release of significant amounts of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) into the atmosphere. DMS is converted to sulfate and these sulfate molecules act as cloud condensation nuclei, increasing general cloud cover. In oligotrophic oceanic regions such as the Sargasso Sea or the South Pacific Gyre, phytoplankton is dominated by the small sized cells, called picoplankton, mostly composed of cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus) and picoeucaryotes such as Micromonas.

Clean water supply is essential in establishing and maintaining a healthy community. There are two sources of water supply which are the surface water and ground water. Most natural waters are not suitable for consumption as it is contaminated by pathogens and also natural chemicals and minerals. In addition, as a city grew, wastes from human activities contaminate most of the water supplies. Water treatment plays an important role to properly treat a contaminated source of water supply in order to protect the health of consumers. Water treatment process is defined as a process of eliminating pollutants from untreated water to produce a biologically and chemically risk-free water, which is both potable and palatable for human consumption

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, including microalgae. Inherent advantages of microalgae include high potential yield, use of non-arable land, and integration with waste streams. Large-scale production of biofuel from microalgae will require the integration of growth platforms with point source carbon dioxide such as coal derived flue gas. The introduction of this waste stream into the growth system will inevitably introduce trace heavy metals which have a high affinity to bind to microalgal cells, could be toxic to the cells, and if transferred to the microalgae could impact the end use of the derived products. heavy metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni,

For screening the above variables, microalgal culture having absorbance of 0.2 at 750 nm was inoculated to a final concentration of 10% (v/v) to 100 ml medium in 250 ml conical flasks having varying composition as formulated by Plackett-Burman design. The design matrix, consisted of 11 variables with 12 runs (N), with D1 to D4 as the dummy variables was used to evaluate the standard errors (SE) (Table 1) . The experimental cultures were incubated in triplicate for 10 days in a shaker

Phycoremediation is the process in which algae are employed to remediate environmental pollution. Phycoremediation involves the use of macroalgae or microalgae for effective removal or biotransformation of pollutants, including nutrients and xenobiotics from wastewater and sequester CO2 from waste air (Olguin, 2003; Olguın, et al., 2004; Moreno-Garrido, 2008; Mulbry, et al., 2008). Over the last few decades, efforts have been made to apply intensive microalgal cultures to perform the biological tertiary treatment of secondary effluents (Oswald and Gotaas, 1957; de la Noue, et al.,

The disposal of untreated wastewater coming from the industries into the water bodies will pollute the water bodies because of its high concentrations. So, the wastewater produced from the industry should be treated properly to meet the permissible limits given by central and state pollution control boards. Therefore it is necessary to treat the wastewater properly with the help of an appropriate treatment plant. However, the treatment plant even though properly planned may not work satisfactory because of several reasons. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the treatment plant considering individual treatment unit in the entire treatment flow. In the present work emphasis has been given to the study of the performance of treatment facilities because of its importance in the conventional treatment of wastewater. Hence, the literature review related to the evaluation of the entire treatment process along with biological treatment process particularly suspended growth process Activated Sludge Process (ASP), attached growth process Trickling Filter (TF) and a combination of the both suspended and attached growth process Hybrid Reactor (HR) is presented in the following sections of this chapter.