Four Unknowns Chapter Summaries

In the late 13th century, Khubilai Khan removed the Song Dynasty from China and founded the Yuan Dynasty. Khubilai Khan was not only know for his unbelievable military accomplishments, he was also notorious for the way he permitted the continuation of China’s cultural and economical flourishment. Although Khubilai Khan’s notions of conquering land may have been barbaric and inhuman, this barbarism did not exist much during Khublai Khan’s rule. In spite that he was a Mongolian ruler, he still allowed for Chinese aspects and influences such as, captivating Chinese culture, setting up a Chinese administration, and promoting education to a strong extent. Chinese culture was one of the most important aspects that survived after Khubilai Khan conquered

The moveable type allowed for plenty of books, printings, and documents, to be printed. Over millions of copies were made and the moveable type allowed for popular books to be more affordable to everyone books. Other products were printed on paper in big quantities such as, paper money, playing cards, and calendars. The other major invention, gunpowder. Gunpowder had a lasting impact in war. The Song dynasty used gunpowder for fireworks, but also found ways to use it in battle. They developed various bombs, rockets, and fire arrows. The other major invention, magnetic compass. The magnetic compass was part of many improvements in boating and navigation. The Song dynasty had the first standing navy in world history. They built large ships over 300 feet long that had watertight compartments and onboard catapults that could toss huge rocks onto their

The Mongols for example founded big advances in medicine and astronomy; they also built roads that connected Europe and Asia. Another big thing they did and probably their biggest possible accomplishment was they created and built up the largest empire in history. The Ming dynasty had many great achievements as well, some of which are things like the first to print with woodblock printing and using paper for more things, another thing they did which we still use today is they invented ship rudders to steer large ships this was important for them because until they got rid of it, they had the most powerful navy ever at the time when Zheng He ran their treasure fleet with the biggest boats ever made up until that time. And one of their biggest if not biggest accomplishment is they repaired the great wall of china completely after it had been destroyed in the fall of the Mongol

One of the greatest achievements of the Han Dynasty is the invention of paper. This invention lead to a great increase of literary works published during this era which we still study to this day. Another achievement of the Han dynasty is the establishment of an irrigation and water conservation which assisted in turning the dynasty around after that decline. The improvements to their farming tools especially the wheelbarrow assisted in that reversal as well. During the Han period, contact with the West by the use of the Silk Road was a major achievement during that period.

There were several important inventions during medieval chinese times but , there were three key inventions that advanced chinese culture.Did you know that china was one of the first cultures to use gunpowder so they can put it inside of guns ,fireworks and other stuff.China was an advanced culture because china recorded their historians on codices.

The United States, from its inception had a lust for real estate. From the original chants of "manifest destiny" to the calls for the annexation of Indian territories, America has been driven to acquire land. In this country's youth, land was needed for economic expansion; however, by the end of the 19th century, the entire continental United States had been in possession and the citizenry of this country turned their eyes out to sea. The United States no longer sought new lands to farm and work nor did they need new areas for their geological resources; the motives had changed. The United States was now driven by the temptations of world power and political supremacy. The self-absorbed citizenry looked upon their intrusion into

The mongols also divided empire into Khanates and started the rule of Yuan dynasty from 1279 to 1368. They developed “Pax Mongolia”(revitalization of Silk road) Marco Polo was an impact of the Mongols conquest. In addition to the impacts of the Mongols conquest, Cultural diffusion and adoption of various religions (Christianity, Buddhism, Islam) occurred. Not only that but there was preservation of distinction between Mongols and Chinese.

The Mongols changed the entire world's perspective on China during the Yuan Dynasty. The Mongols struck fear into the hearts of the entire world due to the destruction caused by their ruthlessness. The Mongols were vicious barbarians who had no mercy for any of their opponents.

Dr. Seuss was originally born as Theodor Suess Geisel. He was born in 1804, on Howard St. in Springfield, Massachusetts. Theodor's father and grandfather were brewmasters in the city. When he was younger, his mother would soothe her children to sleep with wonderful chants and rhymes which played a part in his interest for his rhymes and stories that soon made him such a famous man. Theodor and his sister, Marnie, enjoyed a happy childhood despite the struggles German immigrants faced after WWI. Theodor's memories of his hometown, Springfield, can be seen throughout his work. Drawings of Horton the Elephant trotting along streams in the Jungle of Nool are seen to mirror the watercourses in Springfield's Forest Park from that time period. The

This makes the Tang Dynasty very influential in the world all the way up to the present. This also helped indirectly with whatever use that invention was given. For example paper and woodblock printing greatly reinvented education by giving everyone the tools necessary to write on, which is the only way that people communicated over a longer period of time. This also helped the Chinese to keep very detailed records, which greatly helped historians of today. Meanwhile gunpowder, while it was invented in the Tang Dynasty, it was only put into use for warfare in the Song Dynasty, and in the Tang it was only used for fireworks and

In the Mongol society science and technology had gave the civilizations an advantage with helping China. They have helped development with trading and discovering more astronomical features by using technology they build like the observatories. Therefore their influences helped take part on the developments in science and the technologies they use. The mongols have helped impact China with advancements in their technology.

to 1279 A.D. They developed the Mandate of Heaven, which was the basis of royal authority. They said that when there was famines, natural disasters, and peasants revolts, the current ruler had lost the Mandate of Heaven, and when there was a revolt, and the dynasty was overthrown, it was justified by using the Mandate of Heaven. This showed the dynastic cycle, the pattern of the rise, fall, and replacement of dynasties. The Chinese developed a way to travel by sea and were no longer isolated.

The Chinese had what is called the Chinese Four Great Inventions to offer the West. These are paper making, printing, gunpowder and the compass. It is easy to see how significant these were in history and the world’s development. Many of these items were first discovered in China but revolutionized in the West. Let’s first discuss paper. Paper was originally made from fishnet, bark and cloth. A paper factory was setup by the Arabs who captured some paper makers in a war between the Tang

The following are the Chinese dynasties in order from oldest to most recent: Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. The legendary dynasty is the Xia, which is believed to be around 2000 BC. The Shang (1700-1000BC) developed the first written Chinese language. The Zhou (1028-221BC) built the first roads, expanded trade contacts and trade routes, and also developed plows and irrigation systems. Trade at this time was expanding in China. The Qin Dynasty (221-207BC) built the famous Great Wall of China as a defense mechanism and also united all of China under one central government. Next is the Han Dynasty (207BC-AD220), which did a lot for China in terms of trading. They developed the Great Silk Road, a trading route that stretched from China all the way to the Mediterranean Sea. The Sui Dynasty (589-618) united almost all of China. Followed in suit by the Tang Dynasty (618-917) discovered one of Chinas' leading exports, porcelain. During the Tang Dynasty, the first block-style printing press was invented. The Song Dynasty (960-1279) came next, which took over all of China and later took the southern rule after being conquered by the Jin. The Song Dynasty is responsible for developing Chinese cuisine as we know it today. During this time period the compass and gunpowder were also discovered. The Jin Dynasty (1127-1234) took rule over Northern China from the Song. The Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) brought a long period of peace to

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus infecting approximately 35.3 million people worldwide that leads to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 selectively infects certain host immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, resulting in the continual depletion of the host immune system (Global Report, 2013). More specifically, HIV-1 prevalence is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries worldwide. In recent years, there has been much effort devoted to developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1. The vaccine clinical trials are typically held in these developing countries where HIV-1 prevalence is highest. The dilemma that continues