Francis Simonh M. Bries (2012-24817, Ma Psychology). Psychology

Chapter 13 dives into the idea of stress, the relationship between our health and stress and many other topics in between.

* B. .F Skinner (1904-1990) argued that these concepts are not needed to explain behavior. One can explain behavior, he claimed, by analyzing the conditions that are present before a behavior occurs and then analyzing the consequences that follow the behavior. (operant conditioning: reinforcement)

The authors lay out their John Q. Public model in the Second Chapter. The first pragmatic chapters stipulate evidence using response time-based measures that people constantly engage in stimulated cognition about political figures, issues, and groups (Chapter 3). In Chapter 4, Lodge and Taber argue that these processes influence implicit in and out group identifications. Furthermore, they demonstrate that subliminal negative or positive emotional stimuli can influence a political candidate’s evaluation and conscious reflection on the real political issues (Chapter 5). Lodge and Taber argue that their findings conquer with their proposed “affective contagion” model that is instrumental to the attitude formation and updating process. The authors then provide evidence that individuals’ priorities determine how they select and process information. The conventional studies presented in the Sixth Chapter employ unequivocal measures and thought listing tasks. The chapter finds steady patterns of motivated reasoning among people and sophisticates with strong initial attitudes. The patterns include confirmation bias, disconfirmation bias, and selective exposure; these are further motivated in the Seventh Chapter of the book. Lodge and Taber’s Final Chapter offer an ambitious attempt to formalize and test a computational model based on their JQP model. In their conclusion, the

After reading the article, “The dumbing down of voters,” by Rick Shenkman, I was first shocked by his claim that public has an immense lack of knowledge concerning politics. But the more I thought about the claim the more I realised the truth about the statement. Many people in the United States are oblivious to what the government is doing and who is a part of the government. The lack of knowledge from the public is also unsettling because if the public doesn’t know basic knowledge like what are the three branches of government, then the country could take a turn for the worst. Voters are also giving out their votes to presidential candidates that local newspapers focus on because they either are too lazy or ignorant to think for themselves

One reason why Americans shouldn’t be required to vote is because voting without background information might lead to wrong decisions. Evidence supporting this reason is, in document G (New York Times) (Randy Cohen) states that people that are uninformed, will end up voting for something that doesn’t endorse their interests. This evidence helps explain

In James N. Druckman’s Priming the Vote, he asserts that nowadays numerous academics presume that voters’ choices are essentially molded by campaigns. For decades, traditional wisdom recommended that campaigns had little to no influence on voters. Druckman insists that numerous academics have noted a relationship between campaign differences and overall distinctions in voting conduct. Some academics propose investigational proof that certain rhetoric can influence a voter’s choice.

In psychology, there are several different approaches to general psychology. Each psychological perspective focuses on different aspects than the last. These aspects can range from culture, childhood, evolution, and even genetics. All these different factors are studied in the 7 perspectives in order to better understand the human psyche. Without knowing more about how we think and why we are the way we are how are we ever going to move forward in making ourselves better? One method isn 't better than the other but may be more appropriate or easier to use depending on what is being researched. Each perspective was born from the

As politics and government becomes more complex and involved, more effort is required to keep up with and understand it. As a result, many Americans have lost touch with current events and happenings. Therefore, when election time rolls around, many people lack enough information to develop an educated opinion and support a candidate with their vote, so they just do not vote at all. This lack of information is also related to the belief that one vote will not matter. People believe that their vote will not count, and are therefore following the news less and becoming out of touch with public affairs and politics (Is the System Broken?”). This lack of information is also more strongly apparent among the younger voting population. When interviewed

Rational ignorance is exercised when the cost of obtaining education on political matters and exercising the resulting preferences is greater than the potential benefits the improved understanding could yield. This rational ignorance is caused by several factors, including the difficulty in becoming educated, the opportunity cost associated with the time spent, the small impact each voter has on the government’s decision making, and the insignificance of most policies in day-to-day life. Irrational ignorance occurs when individuals form beliefs that are illogical but serve the individual’s personal preferences, but then fail to exercise reason when approaching their own and others opinions. This irrationality is driven by elements including self interested bias, the concept that beliefs act as an identity and group creator, coherence bias, selective attention, biased gathering and judging of evidence, and a reliance on unsound evidence to confirm existing beliefs.

In Communications Between Cultures individualism and collectivism are described by researchers as “self-orientation versus collective orientation as one of the basic pattern variables that determine human action.” These differences can be found in family life, school, and workplace

Direct democracy is at its best when it stimulates more active participation in the democratic process among citizens. Smith and Tolbert (2004) argued that although they understand the potential danger of direct democracy by ballot initiative, initiative processes could be very positive for democratic practices. Members of the public are provided with more education on the issues and voter turnout is higher when such initiatives are on the ballot. In addition, Bowler and Donovan (2000) found that voters are more capable than political scientists often give them credit for, that is, they are more capable of becoming informed about the issues and to cast a thoughtful vote. They argue that expensive initiative campaigns actually promote voter engagement, especially at the partisan level; they also assert that voters use the ballot information guides provided by states, and that such a simple resource usually provides what voters need in order to come to an informed decision. Similarly, Donovan, Bowler, and McCuan's (2001) research showed that voters actually get their information from official ballot summaries and media coverage of the ballot initiatives rather than campaign advertisements and messages. Of course, such confidence in official ballot summaries and the media may be misplaced; ballot summaries are notoriously confusing and misleading and the media rarely provide the public with substantive information about ballot issues (Sabato et al., 2001b; Moses

Throughout American history, political campaigns were a great part of the nation. These campaigns are a successful tool in benefitting the United States by ensuring the best solution; therefore, eliminating stress for the political party and the people of the U.S. In 1948, article writers Lazarsfeld PF, Berelson B, and Gaudet H of The People’s choice: how the voter makes up his mind in presidential campaign, in the Columbia University Press, records about an experiment, in 1948 that impacted the voting behavior of Democrats and Republicans. With further research, they found that many voters were influenced by commentary and made changes to their votes. With these vote alterations, it becomes clear that the persuasion of socioeconomics causes

In the year 2014, 12.4% of the United States population was African American. Despite being such a large portion of all the people in America, blacks are considered a minority due to the constant racial discrimination and social injustices they are exposed to day after day. Brent Staples wrote an essay titled, “Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Spaces,” and brought light to the issue of black men, ironically, being endangered and victimized due to society’s treatment towards them. Although written back in the 1980’s, the experiences Staples endured and wrote about back in the day as a 20 year-old college student at the University of Chicago are still problems that plague society today. Sadly, prejudice against minorities and African Americans

Why do Americans have limited amount of political knowledge? It’s because the public lacks interest in politics. They rely on group/party loyalty, rather than reasoning. Their responses change randomly from survey to survey. Recent research shows that the public knows some basic things. For example, they know the location of the capital and the length of president’s term, but they lack knowledge about other basic things. About 50% know there are 2 senators for each state, and only 66% know which party controls the House. They show high instability of their preferences, so explosion of information sources has not helped. The authors Greenburg and Page believe that political “trivia” may not be a good measure of adequate knowledge. They also mentioned that the reason for the instability of preference is because people change their minds and reflect on multidimensional ideology. It’s understandable that American citizens have lost trust in the government as well as interest, but the group of people that show the least amount of interest in politics and voting are the young generation.

Biological psychology, of biopsychology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes in terms of bodily mechanisms. The view that psychological processes have biological (or physiological) correlates, is the basic assumption of the whole field of biological psychology. Biological psychology is a hopeful domain, one that has much to offer in terms of improving the quality of life of the healthy as well as those suffering from disorders. It also contributed important therapeutic data on a variety of conditions, including: Parkinson 's Disease, Alzheimer 's Disease, Clinical depression, Schizophrenia and a lot others. Humans have very complex nervous system, they use neurons and neurotransmitters to make the highest active communication network throughout the body. “most of the body’s neurons are found in the central nervous system(CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord” (psychology 5th edition). “Neuroscience emphasizes that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion. (Van Horn, 2014; Zhao & others, 2014). Therefore, for biological psychologist all that is psychological is first physiological. All thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.” We are benefited from biological approach for diagnosing and treating human brains Ex. Schizophrenia. Scientists are also able to create medications for different types of illnesses. Besides having psychologists