Frequency Response Characteristics of a System

Fig.7-a) Total harmonic distortion versus input currents at 1 MHz. b) Total harmonic distortion versus input currents at 100 MHz. c) Total harmonic distortion versus input currents at 1 GHz (various amplitudes of I_x signal and a fixed amplitude of I_y signal).

Systems theory: a scientific/philosophical approach and set of concepts, rather than a theory, for the transdisciplinary study of complex phenomena. It was first proposed by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy in the 1940's (anthology: "General Systems Theory", 1968), as a reaction against scientific reductionism*. Rather than reducing a phenomenon (say, the human body) to a collection of elements or parts (say, the organs or cells), systems theory focuses on the relations and interactions between the parts, which connect them into a whole (see holism*). The particular arrangement of

Groups of people working together can either be a positive or a negative experience; the deciding factor is the way people in the group are able to collaborate. There are many different ways people work together and many different personalities that either conflict or mesh. People that are extremely different and have strong opinions that are conflicting with other persons of the group will most likely not function to produce positive results. Through reading “In Mixed Company” by J.Dan Rothwell and personal experience I have determined that key factors to groups working as systems are group synergy and the ripple effect.

1 Kid going to School, other to the day care (Ranges from $7,800 to $30,000 [5] annually)

All rotated symbols are fed into a decision circuit and the squared distance |dk,b|2 to the

With the ongoing deregulation of the electric utility industry, numerous changes are continuously being introduced to a once predictable business. With electricity increasingly being considered as a commodity, transmission systems are being pushed closer to their stability and thermal limits while the focus on the quality of power delivered is greater than ever. In addition, dynamic reactive power support is becoming more important,

A harmonic source can be any type of equipment where a distorted-wave current flows through an application with a sine-wave commercial-power-supply voltage. The converter circuit (rectifying circuit) of an inverter is no exception. These do not usually upset the end-user electronic equipment as much as they overload neutral conductors and transformers and, in general, cause additional losses and reduced power factor [1–5]. Large industrial converters and variable speed drives on the other hand are capable of generating significant levels of distortion at the point of common coupling (PCC),

Abstract—This assignment is based on the CIGRE HVDC benchmark system and deals with understanding and simulating this system in PSCAD/EMTDC. The focus is on the rectifier station of the CIGRE system which has been idealized and simulated in PSCAD. The AC-side real and reactive power and DC-side power corresponding to the firing angle from 0 to 180 degrees has been calculated and plotted. Furthermore, the power balance between the AC and DC-side of the converter has been explained. Index Terms— Converter, EMTDC, HVDC, PSCAD, Real power,

If the fault current build up might reach a value higher than the ratings of the protection devices brings the need to design a novel PID based FCC which is explained in the following section. FCC is a variable impedance device connected in series with the circuit to limit the current under fault conditions which also has the potential to lead the lower rated components being used. The FCC is a simple LC circuit at the net frequency with a shunt capacitance that limits the short circuit current to an acceptable level. It is essential to determine the size of the FCC used in the power line which is also to be as small as possible. The existing works uses a fixed size FCC to reduce the fault current even while the fault current produced at the line is less. This leads to increase the cost of the overall system. In order to avoid such situations in this paper we propose a novel PID-FCC

I hereby certify that the material, which is submitted in this assignment/project, is entirely my own work and has not been submitted for any academic assessment other than as part fulfilment of the assessment procedures for the program (DT083) Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Electrical Services Engineering (B.Eng Tech).

protection are designed to achieve required discrimination by sensing that large second harmonic content [1]. The level of second harmonic component of the inrush current has been reduced due to improving in transformer core material and occur power system changes. Additionally, a large second harmonic can also be found in transformer internal fault currents if a shunt capacitor is connected to a transformer in a long extra high voltage transmission line. Therefore, the methods based on the measurement of the second harmonic are not sufficiently effective for differential protective relays [2].

For emolument of current harmonics (if any), the instantaneous resoluteness of different active and reactive powers is utilized - the active and reactive powers are computed utilizing p-q theory. No restrictions are imposed on the voltage or current wave forms, and it can be applied to three-phase systems with or without a neutral wire for three-phase generic voltage and current wave forms. Thus, it is valid not only in steady state, but withal in transient states.

Abstract — This paper presents unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) which is an integration of shunt and series Active Power Filters and aims to compensate for voltage sag, voltage and current unbalance and other power quality problems [1],[5],[6]. The UPQC helps to improve power quality at the point of installation on power distribution system or industrial power system. This paper deals with design of UPQC by considering a controller based on PQ theory. Reference signal generation for shunt active filter is done by using PQ theory while for series dual PQ theory is used [2], [3]. Reference signals are then applied to pulse generators. Pulse generation is carried out by using hysteresis band controller for each filter. The validation of proposed scheme is carried out by using Matlab/Simulink.

Power system make sure good quality of electrical power supply which means voltage and current wave form should be balance and sinusoidal. Moreover, the voltage level on the system should be within dependable limit, generally within 100+ -5% of their rated value if the voltage is more or less than this pre-specified value, performance of equipments is sacrificed.[1]. In case of low voltages, picture on television starts rolling, the torque of induction motor reduces to the square of voltage and therefore

Successful completion of any project is the result of your hard work but with that constant encouragement, goodwill and support of people around helps you a lot. We owe a great many thanks to a great many people who