From The Depths Of The Heavens : United States V Causby, 1946

1.Probable cause is a set of facts surrounding a specific circumstances that leads a “reasonable person” to believe an individual is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime. Probable cause is required in the instances of an arrest, search and seizure and the issuance of a warrant. To ESTABILISH reasonable cause the officer can use any trustworthy information. For example the office could use his/her experience, informant information, first hand observations or knowledge, victim reports, anonymous tips, or hearsay.

Article III, Section II of The Constitution states, “In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers or Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction…” The Supreme Court is where the nation’s most controversial cases end up, and where decisions that impact the future of America are made. Every year, only about 80 cases are heard by the Supreme Court (“U.S. Supreme Court,” 2016). Each case meets a set of four criteria, all of which must be met in order to be considered by the Supreme Court justices. The first, and most important, criteria is a circuit split. This means that there was a serious conflict of law in the lower courts and the Supreme Court feels that this case is detrimental to the law (“Supreme Court Criteria,” 2016). The second of the four is that it must be a highly important case to the American future, such as U.S. v. Nixon on the Watergate scandal, Roe v. Wade on abortion, and Bush v. Gore on the close presidential race of 2000. The third requirement is that a justice is relatively interested in the case. They want the controversial, detrimental cases that will be ambitious. The case is to be highly considered if in the lower courts, a supreme court decision that has already been decided upon was denied. (“How Does the U.S.,” 2013). If all four criteria are met, then the case is fair game in the eyes of the Supreme Court justices.

An example of racial profiling that involves both Stop-and-Frisk and DWB is the incident behind Whren v. United States. The incident behind the case involved two black men, Michael Whren and James Lester Brown, in Washington D.C. who were driving a truck through a high drug area. An unmarked police car with two officers pulled up next to the truck that was stopped at a stop sign for an unreasonable amount of time and then sped away at a high speed. The police officers then pulled them over and saw a clear plastic bag. Under the suspicion that it was drugs, they searched the car and ended up finding a substantial amount of drugs. The decision of Whren v. United States says that if a police officer has a reasonable suspicion, he can stop the car for that reason alone. There is no need for a traffic offense because ‘driving suspiciously’ is enough to warrant a stop. While yes, they did see the plastic bag and that was the caused for the search, they stopped them because they were African American men in a high drug area and drove suspiciously. There is no saying that if they were two white men that they would not have been pulled over as well, however, if they were two black men not in a high drug area and drove suspiciously they would have still been more likely to be pulled over than two white men. This shows the underlying problem is not that the law directly discriminates, it’s that the police who enforce and the society who follows it that have biases and stereotypes that

Beginning in the 1960s, the US Supreme Court decided on a succession of landmark cases that histrionically altered the processes and all around atmosphere of the Juvenile Justice System in America. One case in particular that played a major role in the Juvenile field is Kent vs. US (383 US. 541 [1966]). The landmark case Kent vs. United States, observed as the first chief juvenile rights case in our history. This important case established the collective standards that entitled juveniles the right to waivers and preliminary hearings, which ensured due process was served. This would ultimately decide if the court would shift Kent into adult jurisdiction or allow him to remain in the juvenile system.

Korematsu v. United States (1944) actually began December 7, 1941 with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The attack on Pearl Harbor then began the conquering of Wake, Guam, Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, Dutch East Indies, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Burma. With the attack on Pearl Harbor, racism, which was hardly unfamiliar, became an even greater problem. The Japanese Government's attacks on Americans including; torturing, raping, and murdering was an excuse for Americans aversion towards the Japanese. Public officials began to lock up the Japanese people simply for their own good, for protection against the hate crimes.

In Marbury v. Madison the Supreme Court of the United States first declared an act of Congress "unconstitutonal". The court ruled 5-0 that, outlined, by Article III of the constitution, it was not in the courts jurisdiction to act upon Marbury's plea to deliver his appointment. The court set a monumental precedent by deeming a decision made by congress

Although it was not considered an important case when it happened, Marbury vs Madison ended up having an a massive impact on the way our government works, because it established the Supreme Court’s power to declare a law unconstitutional. This historic argument began when James Madison, the secretary of state under Thomas Jefferson, refused to send commissions to the offices of some federal judges, and “the judges sued Madison to compel delivery” (Oates 210). These judges, including William Marbury, wanted the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus to Madison. After all, Congress had passed a law specifically stating that the Supreme Court could issue writs in cases like this. But, the chief justice John Marshall knew that if he issued the

The first case listed in our textbook is Trop v. Dulles that took place in 1958, this case is particularly important because it developed a phrase that would be used in future cases that will be in favor of correctional reform. “According to the Court, there existed evolving standards of decency that marked the progress of maturing society”. Although the next case that follows Trop v. Dulles doesn’t happen for another ten years, but it’s very contradicting. In Witherspoon v. Illinois the Supreme Court picked the jury very persuasively, only selecting members that were not against the death penalty. Since they didn’t want their decision making progress jeopardized. So they stepped in and selected a jury that had simpler beliefs to their own.

The US v. Nixon case decided was in 1974 and it all started when five men with armed cameras were arrested. They were arrested inside in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. When questioned, Nixon, along with his campaign, denied any connection with the incident. In 1973, an investigation was done and it became clear that members of the Nixon administration were involved in a cover-up. Also discovered was a taping system that recorded all of Nixon’s conversations. Nixon refused to release the tapes but he did released some. For the United States argument, the President’s claim for executive privilege is not absolute, therefore, the dispute can be heard in federal courts. Nixon’s argument, separation of power grants the President

War causes Xenophobia. War is an armed conflict between more than two parties. Xenophobia is a behavior that promotes fear or hatred against different cultures.

This essay is purposed for the evaluation of the provocative case, The State of California vs. Orenthal James Simpson, more commonly referred to as O.J. Simpson. On the 12th of June, 1994 the homicide of Nicole Simpson, O.J. Simpson’s ex-wife, occurred at her home. Reports of a body sprawled out the front of Nicole Simpson’s house were made through a 911 call. On arrival, police made the discovery of Nicole Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman’s dead bodies outside the house. The review of this investigation will be achieved through; Assessment of the key aspects of the process of investigation. Evaluation of the main investigative flaws made throughout the investigation. Identifying strategies to prevent these flaws from happening in

Suppose that evidence was an envelope laying on your desk which was later taken without your consent or knowing from your office when a police officer came to ask you questions. Confiscation of such evidence without a signed search warrant from a judge would render the evidence inadmissible, at least it being utilized to provide direct evidence of your guiltiness. It is very important to keep in mind that the exclusionary rule applies only where the acquired evidence is in direct violation of the Constitution. It does not apply to evidence found in administrative procedures such as contact with the IRS. A great example of this sort of issue rose to the surface in the case of U.S. v. Caceres. In the case, an IRS agent recorded a conversation

Atlanta’s International airport has a rich and full history and is the airport it is today because of everything it’s been thru over time since the 1920s. Who would’ve thought that an airport the magnitude and significance and the economic impact it provides today started as an abandoned auto track on 278 acres of land. (ATL Airport History) Atlanta international had very unassuming beginnings and it was no small feat getting the airport to where it is today as the busiest airport in the world. Its first commercial air service started on September 15th, 1926 which was an airmail route Tampa/Jacksonville/Atlanta operated by Florida Airways. (ATL Airport History) On June 12th, 1930 Delta, now the key player in Atlanta’s exponential growth made its introductory flight, from Atlanta to Birmingham, Ala making it an “official” permanent route on June 18th. On July 4th, 1934 Delta re-establishes FT. Worth-Atlanta route which

In 1928 Wichita began to promote themselves as the “Air Capital.” Most of the population agrees that Wichita is and always will be the “Air Capital of the World.” The way that we built the industry is amazing. Yet there are those few individuals who do believe that we should no longer name ourselves as the “Air Capital.” We have multiple aircraft factories and aircraft is the center of our employment. We have grown our industries and continue to produce more and more aircraft through the decades. By analyzing all the data that was gathered, I will now give a few reasons why Wichita has been named “Air Capital” in the 1920s and why we will keep that title.

We have now taken a look at the process used to appoint the Board of Directors, and sources of income. After that is all said and done it is time to take a look at the beating heart of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport which includes the airfield, runways, taxiways, and aprons, and all other facilities involved in operating an airport. This particular airport sits on 860 acres of total land. Taking a closer look 733 acres are on solid ground while 127 acres reside under water. The airport has 44 gates, nine of which are located in Terminal A. The remaining 35 are in Terminal B/C. There are currently three runways on the airfield that form a distinct triangular pattern. President Roosevelt had a very specific