From the Broadbeach study, the investigation of offshore wave conditions erosion rates and sandbar

Sand dunes act as a natural barrier against coastal storms and beach erosion caused by strong, destructive wind and waves. They are a vital part of maintaining our beaches as they absorb the impact

A seawall was implemented at Cronulla beach as a result of the inappropriate development, which occurred, on the very shoreline. A seawall is a form of coastal defence, constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast. The purpose of a seawall is to protect areas of human habitation, conservation and leisure activities from the action of tides and waves. Specifically in Cronulla, the seawall was administered in order to act as the tertiary dune, which was removed to conserve space that allowed coastal development to proceed. Ultimately, this structure protects the development behind it (such as hotels, restaurants and car park spots), against the waves and tides of the ocean. Hence its vital role is to capture sand and dissipate wave energy; the slight concave structure of the seawall at Cronulla increases the dissipative element of the waves, thus showcasing the Seawall’s efficacy. Such absorption of wave energy means the natural process of erosion is reduced incredibly; consequently leading to the increased stability of the land where infrastructure has been developed. Furthermore, despite the issue of inappropriate development being combated with the implementation of seawalls, there are numerous disadvantages associated with such a structure. The main role of a seawall is to dissipate or reflect incoming wave energy and as

Sand dunes are a valid indication of the quality of the soil and the surrounding ocean. When vegetation is established in sand dunes, it stabilises it- i.e. gives the dunes structure. This structure helps prevent erosion by using the plant life to trap the sand. Without these plants (and ultimately the sand dunes) sand will be subject to many natural forces without protection, meaning any major storm could theoretically remove large amounts of sand from the beach with no natural means of replenishing it. Long Reef Beach is commendable in the amount of vegetation it has produced.

The beach is a sand spit that stretches 2.8km long, linking to the sandstone of Sutherland Point at the east. Also the eastern side of the beach is the site on which captain cook first set foot on Australian soil in 1770. The beach is surrounded by various oil refineries and import terminals along with multiple houses that are alongside the road. There are a total of 13 groynes that have been placed in in the 1970’s to stop long shore drifts. At the end of the 13th groyne there is a jetty that stretches out for 1km that has been placed for the oil refinery. During the investigation both primary and secondary sources were discovered of the Silver beach at Kurnell. Focusing on the effects of pollution of the particular area, data was collected on the development and outcomes given from pollution. On the route to the beach there happened to a large industrial site rising many points regarding pollution, which will be discussed further

There are 2 types of beaches. One is erosion dominant and the other is deposition

This investigation will be exploring whether the movement of pebbles, shingle, shells and other materials found on the beach have impacted on the shape and structure of Newhaven beach and Castlehead Cliff. One of the key processes this investigation will focus on is that of long shore drift caused by strong prevailing winds, prevailing wind is the direction from which the wind usually blows. Cliffs are made from mainly two materials, chalk which is at the bottom and sand and clay at the top. If cliffs are facing the direction of prevailing wind it may lead in high rates of cliff

* The sand dunes on the beaches. This area is affected by wind erosion as well as the tides if adequate vegetative cover is not present. The main type of erosion, from the sea, takes the sand from the sand dunes as well as the rest of the beach in a rip. The sand is then pulled out to sea where it forms a sand bar. On calmer days, the sand is brought back to the beach.

Erosion is unfortuanately present at Cronulla beach, the local government have tried to tackle this problem with solution such as dune stabilization and rip rap

Long Island is famous for its sandy ocean beaches. Between the barrier beach and the main coast is the Great South Bay. The beaches and dunes have very different characteristics. The sandy beach is the junction of land and ocean. The sandy beach consists of two zones, the swash zone and the drift line. The swash zone is the area of wet sand, caused by the incoming wave. The drift line is formed by the dead seaweed and other aquatic plants. Behind the sandy beach is the primary dune. The primary dune's main function is to absorb the force of the ocean and protect the great south bay and the island's main coast. In some cases secondary dunes form. These dunes are behind the primary dune and are therefor protected from the ocean. This provides the stability necessary for plant growth. Many time a maritime forests will form on secondary dunes.

A big problem in Cape Cod is beach erosion. The first reason why the beaches are eroding is because of rock jetties. Rock jetties that separate beaches interrupt the natural transfer of sand by the tides and wind. The

For our project, we decided to do the Punaluu Black Sand Beach. Punaluu is on the main island of Hawaii. Punaluu Black sand beaches started to form over hundreds or thousands of years. On Hawaii, there is a hot spot underneath it. There is a non-explosive volcano that spills out lava over thousands of years with hundreds of small eruptions each day. A cliff of black igneous rock formed where the lava meets the ocean. Then over many hundred of years, it is slowly eroded away by the big and small waves. When the waves start to erode away the rock on the cliff, it washes rock fragments and basalt onto the beach.

Some amount of natural erosion is necessary to provide the sediment for beaches in estuaries and coastal bays. However, excessive erosion has occurred in the past due to development. Industrial and private development along the world’s coastlines has increased dramatically since the 1970s (Nepf). Developers and builders completed much of this construction without taking into account the effects of coastal erosion. New buildings were often placed too close to the existing shoreline so that

Coastal erosion is an area of large concern for the residents of eastern Australia. Two regions that are heavily affected by erosion include the gold coast and the tweed coast. Erosion is caused when wind, tides, currents, and waves move sand causing beaches to constantly change their shape. Rising sea levels, storms, and human impacts result in a decrease in beach foreshore, and if proper measures are not taken beaches will eventually disappear. The gold coast and its beaches have been heavily affected by erosion. Some of the largest issues that the coast is currently facing includes increased erosion due to the recent high frequency of storms, rising sea levels, and climate variability. The growing population and increasing number of visitors who frequent the gold coast are putting pressure on the beaches and increasing potential erosion. Various projects and plans have been created and proposed in order to alleviate erosion impacts in the region. The Tweed River Sand Bypass Project was created to establish and maintain a clear area for boats to navigate down the Tweed River, which is located on the border of New South Wales and Queensland. When the river channel becomes blocked, the area is dredged to maintain the structure and allow boats to continue to use the river. The project supplies sand to southern gold coast beaches in an attempt to keep beaches nourished and decrease erosion. The tweed river is an especially important site along the gold coast, as the

Additionally, since the destructive waves break on the reef then only the low energy, constructive waves reach the shore which makes deposition possible therefore the beach will have the chance to naturally build up sand and widen. Even though the beach nourishment program is already established so there are no initial costs required and the artificial reef has high construction costs, around $16.9 million to be implemented, the reef has very low maintenance costs (to ensure it is working effectively) this is minute in comparison of the ongoing costs of the beach nourishment program. However, with the artificial reef there may be the need to implement another program or to continue the beach nourishment program to support it. Yet, even though there are extremely high initial costs, the artificial reef would increase tourism and support local businesses, which outweighs and justifies the large cost as in the long term it will be economically beneficial. Also, it is aesthetically pleasing, attracts diverse marine life, improves surf quality and recreational amenity so it will attract tourists and will take pressure off the natural reefs whilst aiding to stabilise the beach. Overall, the implementation of an artificial reef would be effective coastal management strategy as

Despite coral reefs covering less than .2% of the ocean’s area, they support 25% of the marine fish species. The reefs also provide 25% of the fish caught in developing countries as well as employ millions of fishermen to get the job done (Reaser 1502). Although coral reefs may not support everyone directly, they support surrounding countries. In the Maldives, tourism revenues amount for 45% of their gross national product. In the Caribbean, $89 billion was raised in 1990. Florida’s reefs bring in $1.6 billion every year (Reaser 1502). The Great Barrier Reef in Australia brings in $1.5 billion annually (Munday 263). Unfortunately, the coral reef tourist industry will lose money where coral reefs are affected. Coral reefs protect ocean shores as well as reduce storm damage, erosion, and flooding due to intense waves. Over time, reefs have formed lagoons and calm shore lines that provide a habitat for numerous species (Reaser 1502). Because of the strong dependence on coral reefs by humans and nonhumans, awareness of their danger should be raised! Shoreline erosion will increase because corals won’t be strong enough to withstand intense waves due to lack of skeletal growth. Our shorelines will be dirtier and less safe without reefs to protect humans and nonhumans from intense waves which may cause destruction (Reaser 1502).