Function, Structure, Synthesis And The Use Of The Protein Elastin ( Eln )

Thinner, more darkly stained elastic fibers composed of the protein elastin can also be seen. The principal type of cells seen are lightly-staining fibroblasts that secrete the matrix materials.

The dermis contains elastic and fibrous tissues such as fibrillin, collagen and elastin. These tissues gives

Pasternak C, Wong S, Elson EL. (1995). Mechanical function of dystrophin in muscle cells. The Journal of Cell Biology, 128(3), 355-361. doi:10.1083/jcb.128.3.355

Patients at Long Term Care Facilities are generally debilitated and elderly people who have incontinence problems. Incontinence makes treating pressure ulcers very difficult because it alters tissue tolerance and reapplying products becomes very costly. Usually negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is used to treat pressure ulcers but it is also very costly and does not match with some wound locations. Collagen plays a vital role in the wound healing process by creating a framework for the adhesion, movement, and production of new cells. This study determined the effects and uses of Type 1 formulated collagen on granulation tissue formation and reepithreelialization in chronic pressure ulcers.

Microneedling is highly effective in stimulating abnormal collagen and elastin function. The DermaPen3 penetrates between 0.25mm -2.5mm below the skins surface. This creates microscopic channels into the dermis of the skin. These tiny controlled

The COL1A1 gene provides instruction for making part of a large molecule called type 1 collagen. Collagens are used to strengthen and support many tissues in the body such as cartilage, bone, tendon, skin, and the white part of the eye. Type 1 collagen is the most abundant form of collagen in the human body. The defect in the structure of type 1 collagen weakens connective tissues, particularly bone. This results in the characteristic features of OI. The genes CRTAP and P3H1 are genes that

Muscles owe their ability to contract to structural units called sarcomeres, and a single muscle fiber can contain many thousands of these structures, aligned one next to the other. Each mature sarcomere is made up of precisely arranged and intertwined thin filaments of actin and thicker bundles of motor proteins, surrounded by other proteins. Sliding the motors along the filaments provides the force needed to contract the muscle. However, it was far from clear how sarcomeres, especially the arrays of thin-filaments, are assembled from scratch in developing muscles.

The article Why Muscles Don’t Break: New Research Offers Possibilities for MD Therapies explains in-depth the functions of the muscles in the human body. Throughout the article the author, Joana Fernandes, presents the extensive amount of research that she has performed regarding this insightful topic. She cites a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, called “α-Actinin/titin interaction: A Dynamic and Mechanically Stable Cluster of Bonds in the Muscle Z-disk”. Essentially, the study explains that the reason muscles don’t break is due to the two binding proteins called a-actinin and titin. Fernandes utilizes evidence from the study to formulate her article and describe how these two proteins work together in unison to withstand a force of up to five piconewtons, “The experiment showed the bond between these two proteins is able to withstand a force of five piconewtons, a small force comparable to nearly one billionth the weight of a bar of chocolate” (Fernandes). As the article progresses, Fernandes analyzes how such small forces hold a muscle together for a lifetime and explains to the reader that this is possible because there is seven times more strands of a-actinin than titin.

Its capability to generate its own gene response brings about persistant activation of collagen gene expression. TGFβ are present in the autocrine signaling system of fibroblasts, a type of cell which systhesizes collagen in order to build the frame work unit of tissues. The autocrine signaling system is the process in which the cell binds its own produced hormones and chemicals to activate a response or change within the cell. It is believed that if TGFβ in fibroblasts the increased collagen gene experession may drive the over production of collagen giving rise to

The rate of diffusion is inversely related to the thickness of the membrane, so this will decrease the rate at which gases can diffuse in the alveoli. As the fibrosis worsens, gases will eventually lose the capability to diffuse across the respiratory membrane because of the increased thickness (Hall, 2016, p. 523). In the lung tissue, the elasticity is determined by the collagen and elastic fibers within the lung parenchyma. Fibrotic tissue is increasing the collagen (scar) tissue in the lung (Hall, 2016, p. 499). Constricted lung diseases like fibrotic diseases keep the lungs from being able to expand to their normal capacity (Hall, 2016, p. 550). This will lead to a decreased compliance and a reduced normal

They include keratin found in hair and nails, and collagen found in connective tissue. Collagen under a microscope look like long fibres that are woven together to create extra strength, it is a fibrous protein. Collagen is made up of three polypeptide chains wound around each other. Hydrogen bonds forms between the chains and this gives the structure strength.The collagen account for around a quarter of all proteins in the body. The function of collagen is to give mechanical strength. In the walls of arteries, a layer of collagen prevents blood that is being pumped from the heart at high pressure from bursting the walls. Tendons connect skeletal muscles to the bones. Tendons are mostly collagen and form a strong connection that allows muscles to pull bones for movement. Collagen is also responsible for the elasticity of the skin, which is why the skin becomes wrinkled when it lacks collagen . It also makes the skin waterproof. The functions of collagen in the connective tissue include nutrient transport and inflammation.

Age- related changes that happen in the epidermis are more likely to occur in sun exposed areas of the body. As one ages, the epidermal thickness decreases, however, the number of cell layers remains about the same. The skin’s ability to act as a barrier against loss of body fluids or entry of substances through the skin is essentially stable. The dermis does decrease in thickness in older age, causing the skin to appear extremely thin and transparent. Collagen decreases in the skin, and elastin fibers thicken. Increasing in size, the sebaceous glands enlarge, while the sebum (oil production) tends to decrease. As one begins to age, the normal “shivering” reaction tends to decrease, as does vasodilation and vasoconstriction in response to heat and cold. Therefore, ones sweating response is reduced, and a lower metabolic rate is created due to less body mass in the individual. In the hypodermis, the layer of fat cells become thinner with age, and diminishes both protection and insulation. The protection of the hypodermis avoids trauma, while the insulation of the hypodermis prevents loss of body heat (Saxon,

The primary function of skin is to form a physical and chemical barrier to the external environment, against injurious insults. Harmful stimuli such as micro-organisms, ultraviolet radiation, toxic agents or irritants evoke a complex response known as inflammation. Inflammation is an essential response in the protection against injurious insults. The five classical signs of acute inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling, and functional loss. These signs can be explained by the different phases that the inflammatory response generally follows dilation of capillaries to increase blood flow, vasopermeabilization, leukocyte recruitment elimination of pathogens or injurious stimuli and resolution of inflammation [85]. At the molecular level,

The skin is one of the body’s largest and multifunctional organ. Depending on body size and mass it can weigh between 7 to 22 pounds (1). The skin’s roles are: protection from microbes and harmful substances, thermoregulation and sensation receptiveness of touch, heat and cold. The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and the hypodermis. The outermost layer of skin, the epidermis, provides a waterproof barrier and consists of melanocytes. Melanocytes produce and store the pigment melanin which creates skin tone. Underneath the epidermis is the dermis; it contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis has an arrangement of nerve fibers and blood vessels. Blood vessels carry nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the dermis and the epidermis, which are avascular (2). The

About one quarter of all the protein in your body is collagen. It is a major structural material that forms molecular cables to strengthen the tendons and resilient sheets that support the skin and internal organs. Bones and teeth are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen. Collagen provides structure to our bodies, protecting and supporting the softer tissues and connecting them with the skeleton. But, in spite of its critical function in the body, collagen is a relatively simple protein.