G Spinigerum History

Parasites can manipulate hosts in many different ways. In the article “Suicide Grasshoppers Brainwashed by Parasite Worms,” James Owen describes the relationship between parasite hairworms and grasshoppers. These parasitic worms find a host, such as a grasshopper, and enter the body. After entering the host, the worms cause the grasshoppers to commit suicide by jumping into the water. This article explains how parasites cause grasshoppers to commit suicide, how the parasites enter and exit the host, and how scientists use this information to create a better understanding in research about parasitical behaviors.

Taking about a week to fully mature into an adult and living for several months, the shrimp do have a surprisingly long life cycle being also able to reproduce up to 300 cysts every 4 days in the right conditions. Other variables such as salinity, temperature, light, pH levels, water levels and predatory presence play a large role in the hatching rate of the crustacean. The brine shrimp are an extremely versatile micro-crustacean as they can survive up to 10x salt concentration of ordinary sea water (Eol.org, 2016) and are able to protect themselves during drought or when conditions are not ideal for survival. This is called highly resistant encysted gastrula embryo (cyst) that is easily able to hatch under conditions that can be replicated at home.

The isopods used for this experiment range in color from gray to brown and were about 8.5 to 18 mm in length. Each Isopod’s head had one pair of antennae and one pair of antennules, both used to detect sensory stimuli from the environment around the pillbug. Their bodies were made of a hard thorax with seven segments and an abdomen. Each pillbug had seven pairs of legs, one for each segment of its thorax. Pill bugs breathe through gill-like structures and must live in moist places.

In part 2 of the experiment we are inducing RNAi through the process of feeding. To do so, a black pen is used to label the bottom of an OP50 seeded plate with the date and “wild type”. Another OP50 seeded plate is labeled with the date and “dpy-13”. A black pen is then used to label the bottom of the plate seeded with dpy-13 RNAi feeding strain with the date and “wild type”. Five L4-stage worms from the plate of wild type worms are then picked and moved to the OP50 seeded plate labeled “wild type”. Any eggs or young larvae that may have been accidentally transferred are to be picked off of the plate and then flamed in a Bunsen burner. The same method is used to move five L4 wild type worms to the plate seeded with the dpy-13 RNAi feeding strain, and once again to move five L4 dpy-13 worms to the OP50 seeded plate labeled “dpy-13”. These plates are then incubated upside down at 20˚C.

Daphnia, also known as water fleas, are small crustaceans about 1mm-5mm long and are part of the freshwater zooplankton (Ebert 2005, Hutchinson 2005 & Clifford 1991). Daphnia can be found in most fresh water habitats such as freshwater springs, ponds and reservoirs and are the predominant food for planktivorous fish. Dapnia are ‘filter feeders’ meaning they feed on small particles suspended in the water which can include algae. It has been found that daphnia tend to migrate to the upper parts of the water at night and return to the lower parts of the water in the day to hide from predators (Ebert 2005) (Hutchinson 2005). Daphnia can reproduce through sexual reproduction and also asexual

Firstly, eggs were collected from the eyes of Scomberomorus niphonius and disinfected in 1% sodium sulfite solution for 3 min, and subsequently in 3% Lysol brand disinfectant for 5 min. The disinfected eggs were then transferred to sterile vials to clone. Secondly, third stage larvae of Lucilia sericata were selected to be placed in 3.5% formalin for 5 min, 2% hydrogen peroxide solution for 3 min, and then 5% dilute hydrochloric acid solution for 5 min. After the two-step disinfection, the larvae remined vigorous. A hundred randomly selected larvae were proven to be aseptic by bacterial culture test.

The lifecycle of a heartworms begins when a female mosquito ingest blood containing microfilariae from a heartworm infected animal. Inside the body of the mosquito, the microfilariae develops into first stage larvae (L1) and then undergoes two more process to develop into third stage larvae (L3) of which is the infective stage. Depending on the temperature, this development process can take between eight and thirty days. At this point, when the infected mosquito attaches to a cat and feeds on its blood, the third-stage larva is transferred into the mosquito bite wound. Within three days of entering the cat, the L3 molt to the L4 stage in the tissues and muscles that lay just below the skin of the cat. After about two months of migrating through the muscles and tissues, the L4 undergoes a final development into immature adult heartworms. Seventy to ninety days post infection, the immature adult heartworms then enter a peripheral vein and are carried by the cat’s blood circulation system to the caudal pulmonary arteries. This is where the majority of heartworms are cleared from the cat due to a mass immune response, but a few may continue development into adults. Once the heartworm develop into adults, they invade the heart first and then spread to other organs in the body and cause

Studies of Daphnia presented information which elluded to the idea that Daphnia would react to environmental pollutants within a relatively short timeframe; therefore, a lab was constructed to find the effects of copper sulfate in a Daphnia’s system. Before beginning, the hypothesis was gathered: if the concentrations of copper sulfate in the water are high, then the Daphnia would be afflicted with symptoms associated with physical decline. Daphnia, known as water fleas, are small crustaceans who get their common name from their jerky movements. The organisms reside within lakes and ponds often in limestone-based areas found all over the world. Daphnia consume algae, specifically the free-living green type, yeasts, and bacteria; therefore,

Introduction: Terrestrial isopods, also known as pill bugs, are comprised of a variety of different species and are known for their adaptability to different environments, which have certain wavelengths of light and sufficient water and nutrients to survive (Danielson et. al. 1976). They are usually found in moist, dark areas because they are extremely vulnerable to dehydration and need a sufficient amount of water to survive (Wagler et. al. 2013).

The additional species, Daphnia Pulex are a derivative from Daphnia Magna, which can be in located rain filled tire ruts and any stable body of water. These daphnia are established in fresh water and maintain the highest concentrations of daphnia compared to other species can be found in lakes and ponds. Daphnia magna is a water flea dependent on environmental conditions to breed and survive. Conditions such as temperature, salinity and oxygen levels can be detrimental to the lifespan of these organisms (Elenbaas, 2013. Within their existing environment daphnia consume algae, bacteria and detritus; it is this continual uptake of these organisms, which maintains the food chains integrity. Daphnia also host a number of bacteria, fungi, nematodes,

At Beardsley Lake, my son Bob and I had a good day last Sunday, boating limits up to 14-inches. The elusive copepod parasite is showing up on the rainbows at an early stage where the few attached can be wiped off with a towel. They have no effect on the edibility as they only attach to the

The goldenrod gall fly (or Eurosta solidaginis) is a parasite whose life depends upon and revolves around the goldenrod plant. After mating, the female gall fly uses its ovipositor (structure used to inject eggs into a plant) to insert its eggs into the stem of a goldenrod plant. After about ten days, the fly larvae hatch and begin to eat the inside of the plant. The saliva of the larva contains a chemical that causes the plant to swell, creating what is known as a gall; this serves as a food source and a protective shell for the growing larva. When fall approaches, the larva digs an escape tunnel by which it will later exit the gall as an adult; however, the larva does not complete the tunnel, instead it leaves a thin membrane of plant material for protection (Abrahamson & Heinrich, n.d.). E. solidaginis larvae then pupate in late winter or early spring, and leave the gall as adults soon afterwards (Abrahamson, Sattler, McCrea, & Weis, 1989). Once freed from the gall,

Life cycle ; first day -female lay eggs, second day the eggs hatch, on third day the first instar,fourth day-the second instars, fifth day-third and final instar, seventh day larvae begin roaming

The glow worm’s habitat is undisturbed woodland and caves around the world. Glow worms are mostly active during night which is when they can be seen glowing. They are one of the few insects that are found inside the Arctic Circle. The glow worm is famous for having a green and yellow colored light on the end of its tail. Glow worm’s main prey is snails, slugs, and insects. Their predators are spiders, birds, and centipedes. The glow worm’s conservation status is threatened and the number of species is 12. The average lifespan for a glow worm is up to 5 months. A glow worm is an omnivore and is up to 1-2 inches long. The glow worm also has a shell like skin type.

Germanium weighs 72.61lbs, and the boiling point is 2830 degree Celsius. In addition, germanium has 9 isotopes, and the atomic mass i 72.59. However, “the element germanium is both metals and nonmetals. To be more precise, germanium is a very important element that light and shiny.