GENE 222 Phylogenetic Assignment

The genes which encode for the mitochondria’s component proteins are in 2 separate genetic systems in 2 different locations. One of which is the cell nucleus, but the other is inside the organelle itself. There are relatively few genes inside the

Introduction: Almost every place on Earth, from the surface of your skin to the bottom of the ocean, is teeming with living things. To keep track of the vast diversity of life, biologists historically named and classified organisms according to their appearance. The system of categorizing organisms is

Mitochondria, dubbed the ‘powerhouse of the cell’, are a type of organelle present in most human cells. Their primary function is to generate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s principal source of chemical energy. Unlike most other organelles, mitochondria store their own set of genetic material, distinct from the DNA situated in a cell’s nucleus. Although this ‘mitochondrial genome’ represents only 0.1% of a cell’s genetic information, it often plays a significant role in development.

The Bayesian inference analysis of the COI barcode sequences included 45 L. sericata sequences and 42 L. cuprina sequences. Despite the number of sequences, L. sericata was poorly resolved, which explains the poor node support (0.61) of the L. sericata + L. cuprina + L. taiyuanensis clade. Lucilia taiyuanensis is represented by only one sequence

Question 2: (29 pts) In the article, “Effect of an Ala81His Mutation on the Met80 Loop Dynamics of Iso-1-cytochrome c,” figure 1 includes a portion of the protein sequence.


Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 06.02.01 Describe the general features of mitochondrial genomes.
Section: 06.02
Topic: Extranuclear Inheritance: Mitochondria

22) Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is

Mitochondria DNA – maternally inherited, used to trace female lines of a decent or migration pattern and to assess taxonomic

Bacteria have an intrinsic role to humans thriving commensally in and outside the body, despite their evolutionary and structural differences from us. Their prokaryotic classification gives insight to methods used in identification and observation. Researchers can pinpoint certain genes they know are vital across their phylogeny. An example of this would include autosomal genes, like those that encode for structural proteins used in translation. Particularly, the 16s rRNA gene is highly conserved across prokaryotic species, but unlike many conserved genes, it also includes small variable regions specific to each species. This makes the 16s gene useful as an identification signature for prokaryotes, and it is the most common genetic marker used today (Janda). This is not only due to its presence in nearly all prokaryotes, but because it has been genetically unchanged over time, for the most part. However a flaw to using the 16s rRNA gene is that it cannot be a definite identification

This protein is found in endoplasmic reticulum and participates in the synthesis of cholesterol by catalyzing the removal of the 14alpha-methyl group from lanosterol. Various homologous genes are found in all three eukaryotic phyla, fungi, plants, and animals. All of these homologs indicates that this is one of the oldest cytochrome P450 genes. Similarly, two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found from previous studies for this gene. Multiple diseases are assonated with this gene. Mostly, related to some regulatory

The remaining 13 genes encode polypeptides which are synthesised in mitochondrial ribosomes. All of the 13 polypeptides are respiratory complex subunits, which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, ensuring the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The whole complex consists of approximately 100 polypeptides. Nuclear DNA encodes most of the polypeptides which are synthesised in the cytoplasm and then transported into the mitochondria.

Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome that is found inside mitochondria. These organelles that are found in cells are called the powerhouse of the cells. Mitochondria and Mitochondrial DNA are only passed from mother to offspring through the egg. Mitochondrial DNA is a small part of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell. There are 16,569 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA which only code for 37 genes.

In these tandemly repeated units, there is a higher extent for variation between these sequences than found in gene sequences due to the organism being more tolerant to aberrations in these portions of the genome. Therefore these areas will have many different forms, sometimes as many as 2000. Thus if several

The evolutionary history of specie or a group of related species can be represented by a phylogenetic tree. Originally, phylogenetic trees connect species with possible ancestor based on morphology data such as the forms, shapes, or characters. But in recent, molecular data such as DNA sequences also provided another sources to determine common ancestry. How similar or agreeable are morphological-based phylogenetic tree and molecular-based phylogenetic tree? Here we show that they are almost different because they based on different sources. From same twelve living species, we built two phylogenetic trees, one based on their characters and one based on their molecular, and two tree show different stories about the evolutionary history. In molecular

While time consuming, Minimum Evolution (ME) was chosen as the second method for constructing phylogenetic trees since it selects the shortest trees as being the most correct based on measurements that correct for multiple hits at the