Gabapentin Case Study

The gabapentinoids, gabapentin and pregabalin are increasingly prescribed for a variety of conditions by medical practitioners from family physicians, neurologists, rheumatologists, orthopaedic surgeons, and others. The indications may vary according to the countries these medications are marketed in. Some of the indications include neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, generalised anxiety disorder, epilepsy and so on.1

Theophylline is one example of xanthine that is usually used to treat bronchial asthma through relaxing the airways. However, this drug may cause severe adverse effects because of its level in the blood. Thus, it is important to teach patient about the use of theophylline. Teach a patient that theophylline can help him to breath easier, decrease wheeze and short of breath if taken exactly as prescribed. The nurse should also tell the patient take the drug of an empty stomach with a full 8-ounc glass of water. If patient has a severe GI problem such as GI upset, nausea, vomiting, heartburn when taking the drug on an empty stomach, the patient may take the drug with food. The patient should swallow all the enteric-coated or time-release capsules. Educating the patient about other common effect of the drug includes restlessness, nervousness, and difficulty in sleeping because of the need of the body to adjust to the usage of this drug. The patient should not take any other stimulant in order to reduce the effect of theophylline on CNS. The nurse should tell the patient that a headache will go away as the patient get used to the drug. However, the patient should notify his physician if the headache is getting worse. The patient should also report any vomiting, severe abdominal pain, tachycardia, confusion, unusual tiredness, muscle twitching, rash, or hives to the physician. There are many drug and food interaction, thus the patient should consult with the doctor about his diet while using theophylline. Additionally, the patient should consult his smoking habit and the use of any over-the-counter medication with the physician. Lastly, the patient should always tell any health care provider in his care about the use of theophylline and to keep the medication in a safe place (Karch, 2013, p.

2. What would be the expected outcome when a patient is given gamma-aminobutyric acid? What is this medication prescribed for? What side effects would we teach about? GABA Is a neurotransmitter that helps send messages between the brain and the nervous system. GABA is a mediator of anxiety level therefore it reduces anxiety by suppressing the circuitry in the brain that causes anxiety.

Absorption – “How the drugs enter the circulation process through the body, and how they resist general breakdown by the stomach, liver, and the intestines”. Some of the factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body is as follows, “acidity of the stomach, Physiochemical properties, Presence of food in the stomach or intestine, and Routes of administration”,

Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic and rasagiline is a selective MAO-B irreversible inhibitor, the concomitant use causes vasoconstriction, which leads to severe hypertension. This patient uses EpiPen for anaphylaxis reactions, not every day. She needs to go to the emergency room if she needs to use the EpiPen. She also takes Lisinopril, which indicates that she might have hypertension. It's important to counsel her on her new medication as well as the potential drug-drug interaction between rasagiline and EpiPen, watch out for severe and prolonged hypertension if needed to use both medications. Reinforce the importance of knowing the full medication list and let the medical assistant people aware of it. Rasagiline may cause drowsiness or sleepiness, so avoiding activities that requiring mental alertness or coordination. It may lead to hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, hypertension, ataxia, dizziness, dyskinesia, weight loss, constipation, depression, altered mental status or behavior. Avoiding sudden discontinuation of rasagiline would be important. Avoiding food and beverages that have high tyramine contents (more than 150mg) while taking

Gamma-Aminobutyric acid commonly referred to as GABA, and glutamate make up around 80 percent of the neurotransmitters found in brain. GABA dampens the activity in the brain while

At today's visit he is accompanied by his son in law and daughter. He reports pain in his hands and fingers that is a result of his RA. The pain starts in his fingers and radiates up his arms. He also complain of pain in his back that he contributes to his history of herniated discs. The severity of his pain is a 2/10. He decribe the pain as a shooting pain that is worst at night and when he relaxes. He states that since starting oxycodone IR 5 mg every 8 hours as needed, his pain is much better. He takes an average 1-2 prn dose daily. He feel that this regimen is effective in palliating his pain. He complain of neuropathic pain in legs, he have numbness and tingling in both lower legs. He uses Voltarin Cream BID and take Gabapentin 400mg

Most any prescription can be filled online, usually for a much lower price than you would pay at your local pharmacy. This is because the online pharmacies are considered the store, and because of their low overhead, they can pass on the savings to you. Make sure that you online use reputable online pharmacies. Some online pharmacies are scams and will try to take your money and never send you your prescriptions. You can find reputable online pharmacies by looking for online reviews as well as seeing if their website looks professional. The more well designed, and well planned out website, the more likely the pharmacy is

The success of this process is predetermined in part by the livers’ ability to properly convert the drug into a less lipophilic form that cannot be reabsorbed. For alprazolam, the course of elimination relies heavily on the kidneys. Age related renal function must thereby be considered when administering alprazolam. The kidneys are responsible for removing the unbound drug in the plasma by glomerular filtration, proximal tubular secretion, and distal tubular reabsorption. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is roughly 20% of the renal plasma flow (Harvey, 2014). Drugs that exclusively rely on the kidneys for elimination can accumulate and have toxic effects with renal impairment. In older adults there is a progressive decline in GFR of 10% per decade following age 50 (Breenan, 2015). This change is age related, however like those with renal disease or injury, close monitoring and dosing adjustments must be carefully

Based upon our review, you filed a grievance because you want to know why your coverage was changed from previous policy. You also wanted to know who make nonsensical decisions on cases.

It is estimated that 20 percent of prescriptions that are written are never filled. The high cost of medication is one of the reasons that many people do not get their prescriptions filled. Going without needed medication can have adverse effects on one's health. Below are some things that can be done to save money on prescription drugs:

The most common treatments include psychotherapy, medications, and self help. Psychotherapy for GAD focuses on “individual’s low-level, ever-present anxiety. Such anxiety is often accompanied by poor planning skills, high stress levels, and difficulty in relaxing”(Grohol par. 1). By going to psychotherapy it allows you to go through the tough time with someone else and allows you to learn strategies you may not have heard of in order to help you reduce your symptoms. Medications can also be used in order to help someone suffering from GAD. Medications are used normally for more serious cases. Someone who has serious GAD and attends psychotherapy may not see a big change due to being overwhelmed and can not concentrate while in therapy. Most common medications used are Diazepam (Valium) and lorazepam. Medications are used for short time use to reduce symptoms enough to be able to treat them other ways. Lastly self help is an option. Self-help methods for the treatment of this disorder are often overlooked. One main way of self help includes support groups. There are many support groups in communities and are devoted to helping individuals with this disorder share their commons experiences and feelings of anxiety. Some people reduce their symptoms by feeling empowered by conquering there problem

The most common medication for it is Lithium, which helps treat both manic and depressive episodes as well as reducing the chance of suicide. There are also four anticonvulsants used to treat bipolar disorder. They are: carbamazepine, sodium valproate, lamotrigine, and topiramate (Wikipedia.org). Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is very effective when used with medication. It helps people recognize their episodes and cope with them as well as giving them emotional support. Another treatment for people, especially those who haven’t found relief with the other treatments, is Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This involves sedating the patient and inducing a controlled seizure with electrodes placed precisely on the head. This may work well for some people, but it can cause some major short term side effects like confusion, disorientation, and memory loss.

It’s also limiting the influx of sodium in across the cell membranes. Carbamazepine also stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone by promoting it actions to increase the reabsorptions of water. Majorly the prescribing of carbamazepine is to treat the epilepsy. Epilepsy is characterized by long term propensity of recurrent seizures. Seizures are the abnormal electrical activity in the brain and it is a symptom of epilepsy, but not all epilepsy is characterized by seizures. There is no cure for epilepsy but the seizures can be controlled with anti convulsant drugs. [WebMD, 2017] The drug should be taken with food according to the dosage that prescribe by physicicans and the people with hypersensitivity, blockage of atrioventricular and the patient with depression of bone marrow history should not take this drugs. The adverse drugs reactions are dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, headache, dry mouth. The side effect might subside within hours but if not subside the patient should immediately seek medical attention. This drug also can interfere with contraceptive hormonal. [Medlineplus,

Anticonvulsants have an edge with rapid-cycling and mixed mood states (e.g. depression with racing thoughts). Except for gabapentin (Neurontin) and lamotrigine (Lamictal), they require blood tests. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is monitored with blood levels; also CBC, platelets and liver function tests. Valproate (Depakote) requires CBC, platelet count and liver function tests; blood levels may be helpful. Lamotrigine (Lamictal) requires caution because of its association with a rare but dangerous skin rash (exfoliative dermatitis); risk can be minimized by starting with low doses and increasing gradually. Use lower doses with medications that slow lamotrigine metabolism (e.g. valproate). Gabapentin is generally safe and does not require blood tests.