Galaxy and Dense Gas Passes

In our Milky Way galaxy, there are over a hundred billion stars, and within the universe there are billions of galaxies (Classifying Stars). Astronomers have always come up with different techniques to make their jobs easier. One important technique in, not only astronomy but science itself, is trying to classify something into groups to find a certain pattern. Since there are so many stars in a single galaxy, astronomers must find methods for organization. Stars are not all the same, they vary in size, temperature, and brightness. To keep track of all these different characteristics, astronomers had to come up with a diagram. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is one of the most useful plots for stellar astronomy (Classifying Stars). The diagram

One day the universe will turn dark forever as the last star fizzles out and that star will most likely be a red dwarf. When a red dwarf star forms it possesses important properties that give it the potential to host rocky planets similar to Earth. Therefore the creation and resulting properties of red dwarfs form stars that can provide energy to planets which may one day be hospitable to life forms. First the process of formation of red dwarfs will be explained. Then, the properties of these stars will be examined. Finally, the importance of red dwarf stars’ existence will be considered.

After a star lives for about 1 million years, it becomes a main sequence star. Once it becomes a main sequence star, it will then go through a proton-proton chain reaction. Since the force of gravity goes inward, the force of fusion will then go outward from the core. This process will continue for about 10 billion years even when the star is "burning" Over those ten years, the stars will eventually slowly run out of hydrogen. After it runs out of hydrogen, the core will fill up with helium.

The shape used to classify them into four major types, broad, flat rotating disks of stars, gas and dust. The bulge in the center has older red stars, with cylinder, or rectangular bars and a halo of older stars. Some of the spirals have larger central bulges, where some have smaller ones. Some of the spirals have arms resembling cotton, where others have wide arms or tightly wound

When such a massive star consumes all its nuclear fuel, it undergoes a 'supernova' explosion and most of the matter is expelled. The extreme heat generated during such explosions can form elements heavier than iron through nuclear fusion.

Stars are born of gas and dust and have a life cycle based on their original mass. The sun produces energy and turns it into hydrogen into helium. Our sun is a bright yellow star and is made of mostly of hydrogen and helium. The size of the sun is a medium size star in the main sequence. The life cycle of a star is the low-mass (main sequence), medium-mass (giant,and white dwarf) , and High-mass ( supergiant, supernova, and black hole. There are three types of galaxies which are elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies, and irregular galaxies. We classify stars by their size, color, temperature, and their luminosity. When a star dies it becomes a black hole until millions of years. The hottest star is the blue star the coldest star is the red star.

This stars are extremely dense and a very comparable to the thickness of an atomic nucleus. They are formed when there is a continuation of the stellar core until electrons protons come together to form neutrons.

Once its 10 billion years of burning comes to an end, the hydrogen that it has been using as a fuel source has, for the most part, depleted. The center of the star begins to increase in size as the production of helium increases and an inner core of helium starts to grow. The helium does not burn at these temperatures so the burning is moved out to higher layers. This inner core begins to shrink under the force of gravity and while the star is extremely hot, it is still too cool to fuse helium. The burning of hydrogen in the outer layers, however, increases and the radius of the star increases nearly three times, bringing the star out of Main Sequence section and into the category of subgiant.

These clumps are shaped into disks and, after approximately one million years, a protostar will form in its center. Protostars continue to run off the same gravitational energy that was released by the initial collapse and continue to suck in dusty material from the space around itself. Once protostars are hot and dense enough to burn Hydrogen and Helium in their core they enter the main sequence period of their lives (NASA). Now, we can classify these stars further based on their masses.

Once the star burns all of the hydrogen fuel off it than becomes a red giant or a super red giant. So depending on the path that a star takes it can be

SC.8.E.5.2: Recognize that the universe contains many billions of galaxies and that each galaxy contains many billions of stars.

Planetary nebulae are often given the connotation PN or PNe for the plural by astronomers and exhibit the final stage of a star's life whose initial size is approximately between 1 and 8 solar masses, where the unused gases and elements left from nuclear fusion are blown away from the remaining core producing a luminous colourful halo around it. These phenomena can be very short lived in astronomical terms, possibly just tens of thousands of years.

Our galaxy, The Milky Way, is composed of billion of stars of all ages, sizes and masses. A common stars, like our Sun, constantly gives out small amounts of X-ray radiation, and larger burst of X-rays during a solar flare. Along with our Sun, stars shine as a result of nuclear reaction that happens deep within their core. Causing chemical reactions that converts light elements into heavier ones and while releasing energy in the process. Energy from the central region provides pressure to keep the star from falling apart under its own weight. The contracting cloud is then called a protostar. A protostar is the earliest stage of a star’s life. A star is born when the gas and dust from a nebula become so hot that nuclear fusion starts. Once a star has “turned on” it is known as a main sequence star. When a main sequence star begins to run out of hydrogen fuel, the star becomes a red giant or a red supergiant.

The massive star begins its life with a giant molecular. Molecular cloud are made from mega collections of gay and dust. While going through it’s awkward stages of adolescence it spends a great doing of nuclear fusion, its fusing hydrogen into helium for a long time. For millions of years the star has so much fuel, hydrogen atoms that it does so much smashing a creating new elements and energy of all day and every minute.

Every now and then, a large star reaching the end of its life collapses in on itself, and then explodes very violently. The star explodes so violently that for a few weeks the star can out shine its parent galaxy. This type of explosion is known as a supernova. Neutron stars form during a supernova.