Galen's Four Humors Research Paper

The humoral view of the body and the progress it aided in medicine was greatly owed to Hippocrates and Galen. Although Galen agreed with many aspects of Hippocratic medicine, there were several more aspects that Galen practiced and believed that were different. Being that Galen used Hippocratic works as the foundation of his practice of medicine, there should be some similarities towards Hippocrates and Galen’s approaches towards humoralism. These similarities were, influences on a person’s health, preventative healthcare, and factors affecting diagnosis. Using these concepts provided by Hippocrates, Galen then builds on these with his own concepts and beliefs.

The medicinal practices and problems of the Elizabethan Era were very important to the people, although they are very different from those of today. There were many different beliefs and diseases, like the Plague. Medicine was not an exact science and was related to Alchemy (Chemistry). Here, some of the many practices and beliefs of the Elizabethan Era will be discussed.

The logic and principles of medieval medicine shaped those of Modern medicine. Never was there a more efficient method perfected, so much that it remained through history through so many hundreds of years. Today’s concepts of diagnosis, relationships with the church, anatomy, surgery, hospitals and training, and public health were established in the Middle Ages.

The humoral theory of disease is the basis for the Arabs. Many aspects of life are divided into four: the year is divided into four seasons; matter into fire, air, earth, water; the body into black bile, blood, phlegm, and yellow bile; and the environment into “hot,” “cold,” “moist,” and “dry.” These illnesses are treated with the opposite humor. Illnesses are attributed to the extreme shifts from hot to cold and vice versa.

He states, "the body is made to feel and undergo changes in the changes of the winds (326-327)," it was conventional that there were just four elements, earth, air, fire, and water with their related traits, coldness, dryness, heat, and wetness. If these elements were present in the human body in balanced amounts, health was maintained, if not health was ravaged by the lack of an equivalence. This concept was stemmed from an idea that health was maintained by an equal rule of the bodily elements rather than dominion by a single

Prior to 18th century Europe there were a few effective medical developments but most treatments lacked medical value. An idea developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans insisted that bloodletting was a fantastic remedy to difficult diseases but it did more harm than good (Doc 4). Another flaw in medicine is the level of hygiene in the institutions that provided care. The sick were crammed into dirty hospitals, dead lay beside those clinging to life, and the air was

Before logical thought was regularly applied to functions of the human body, people made sense of daily misfortunes by attributing them to the moods and wills of the gods. In the minds of the Greek, afflictions were the result of disobedience and to live in good health was a blessing that only divine intervention could provide (History of Medicine 1). Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine and healing, was often the one called upon in times of need. Asclepian temples were constructed in Greece and in the surrounding areas, and these sites of worship also became the centers of healing; Ill Grecians undertook lengthy pilgrimages to the temples in hopes that the God’s supposed restorative powers could ameliorate their tribulations (Greek Medicine 1). An orator at that time, Aeschines reported his encounter with godly healing by praising Asclepius: “No longer counting upon mortal skill, I placed all my hope in divinity. I came, Asclepius, into your sacred wood and I was cured in three of a wound I had in my head for a year” (Palatine Anthology 13). When cures were not left up to the divine, the rituals to rid a body of disease were primitive and mainly consisted of attempts to expel demons (Longrigg 14-16). Although the idea that sickness and religion are intertwined is

Humanity’s approach to medicine, illness, and disease have been changing over time. Early use of medicine was discovered in Ancient Egypt, Babylonia, India, China, Greece, and Rome. Prehistoric medicine incorporated plants, animal parts, and minerals as a source of medicine. In most cases, these materials were used as magical substances by priests and shamans. Some spiritual systems include animism, spiritualism, shamanism, and divination.

In the Middle Ages medicine was very limited. Diseases were common,but physicians did not know what was causing these illnesses and diseases. The Catholic Church thought that diseases and illnesses were punishments from God for sinful behavior. There were no Antibiotics during the Middle Ages. It was hard to cure illnesses,and almost impossible to cure disease without it. People had no knowledge that it was bc they were filthy. Medicines was made out of spices, herbs, and resins, they were used in many different ways, and they treated different illnesses.

Hippocrates of Cos, a physician in ancient Greece, is considered to be the father of medicine due to his many contributions to the field in his life. Through research and different experiments he was able to conclude many different principles, including on of the most important: the four humors. By observing reactions to different illnesses, sometimes leading the patient to die, he was able to develop the theory. His theory of the four humors was that the human body was filled with four basic substances, or humors, that when in balance indicate the person is healthy. If there was too little or too much of one of the four, a disease or disability would result. The four humors of Hippocratic medicine are black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm. Before the humors were introduced, many people believed that the source of illness was punishment from the Gods. It wasn’t until after Hippocrates’ introduction to medicine that the field stepped away from religion and into science.

Human beings are aware and observational creatures. Once confronted with an issue, they often find a solution that relates to their observations and understandings of how something works. This technique commonly pertains to the practice of medicine. In ancient Greece, each observation about health of the body completely shaped the treatment of patients by physicians. Additionally, these ideas went into common practices used in the general maintenance of health.

According to Hippocrates, the body was composed of blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. When someone became ill, it was thought that there was an excess amount of a substances. At the time, Hippocrates, as well as other Greek physicians, believed that having an excess amount of cold black bile in someone’s body

How does Shakespeare create humour in act 5 scene1 in the play a ‘Midsummer Nights Dream’?

Erasmus’s Praise of Folly is a humor-filled satire of pretty much everything. It is filled with wit and sarcasm which make light of serious problems and blow insignificant issues out of proportion all the while bringing a smile to the reader’s face. It is not stinging humor at the expense of others (unless, of course, the shoe fits), rather it is directed towards everyone. Erasmus even includes himself in the joke, practically parodying himself in the first section (xvi). In Praise of Folly, Erasmus uses this humor to criticize without the harsh judgment of seriousness. His humor parallels the import of his subject. When Folly discusses the

As The Greek empire declined, Rome inherited its medical traditions and knowledge. During the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D health standards dropped considerably and outbreaks occurred of life threatening diseases. Galen of Pergamon, a follower of Hippocrates, gathered much of the medical knowledge of the time and added to it his studies of anatomy and physiology (mostly of animals). In Spite of his errors in describing certain anatomical and physiology phenomena, his writing created the foundation for medicine over 1500 years later in Europe. Though Galen created a historical event, he indeed followed and admired one of the