Gas Chromatography And Petroleum Industry

Method: Distillation is based on the fact that the matter can exist in three phases - - solid, liquid and gas. As the temperature of a pure substance is increased, it passes through these phases, making a transition at a specific temperature from solid to liquid (melting point--mp) and then at a higher temperature from liquid to gas (boiling point--bp). Distillation involves evaporating a liquid into a gas phase, then condensing the gas back into a liquid and collecting the liquid in a clean receiver. Substances that have a higher boiling point than the desired material will not distill at the

Answer: Gas chromatography (GC) – utilized by scientists in order to be able to separate the volatile

A small beaker was placed under the arm of the distillation head to catch the distillate. Foil was wrapped around the neck of the round-bottomed flask and a wet paper towel was wrapped around the arm of the distillation head to create a condenser. The flask was heated gently so that the distillate dropped at a rate of two drops per minute. The temperature was recorded as every drop was collected. The distillation began at around 55.0 ℃. The distillation was stopped after 29 drops were collected to prevent the solution from being distilled to dryness. See attached data. The known boiling point of 1-butanol is 117.5 ℃ (Lemonds). The known boiling point of 1-propanol is 97 ℃ (Thiyagarajan). The known boiling point of acetone is 56 ℃ (Forss). The known boiling point of 2-butanone is 79.6 ℃ (Jiang). For unknown #3 the boiling point of the first substance seemed to be around 56 ℃ and the boiling point of the second substance seemed to be around 111 ℃. Therefore unknown #3 seemed to be a mixture of acetone and 1-butanol.

Distillation of the first product began at 83 °C. A Pasteur pipette was used to remove 1-ml of the distillate into a vial. A second vial was filled with distillate until it reached 1-ml. As the second vial is being filled, observe the temperature and remove the apparatus from the heat source if there is an observed drop in temperature.

Simple distillation is a separation technique which can be used to separate and purify distillates from a liquid mixture which ideally contains one volatile and one non-volatile compound. If such ideal conditions are not possible—as is usually the case—then simple distillation can be applied as long as the liquid in question is composed of compounds that differ in volatility such that their boiling points differ by at least 40 to 50 degrees Celsius. Because

In 1941 Martin and Synge, described the discovery of liquid-liquid partition chromatography and also laid the foundation of Gas liquid chromatography and High performance liquid chromatography. They also introduced the concept of the Height Equivalent to the Theoretical Plate, which has since been adopted as the measure of Chromatographic efficiency.

1.) Briefly explain the concept of steam distillation. What is the difference between a simple distillation and a steam distillation? When a mixture of two immiscible liquids are distilled it is referred to as codistillation. This process is referred to as steam distillation when one of the liquids is water. This distillation is used to separate organic liquids from natural products and reaction mixtures in which the final product results in high boiling residues such as tars, inorganic salts, and other relatively involatile components. It is useful in isolating volatile oils from various parts of plants and not useful in the final purification of a

Distillation is a method of separating two volatile chemicals on the basis of their differing boiling points. During this lab, students were given 30 mL of an unknown solution containing two colorless chemicals. Because the chemicals may have had a relatively close boiling point, we had to employ a fractional distillation over a simple distillation. By adding a fractionating column between the boiling flask and the condenser, we were able to separate the liquids more efficiently due to the fact that more volatile liquids tend to push towards the top of the fractionating column, thereby leaving the liquid with the lower boiling point towards the bottom. After obtaining the distillates, we utilized a gas chromatograph in order to analyze the volatile substances in the gas phase and determine their composition percentage of the initial solution. Overall, through this lab we were able to enhance our knowledge on the practical utilization of chemical theories, and thus also demonstrated technical fluency involving the equipment.

The boiling range of the 1-pentyl ethanoate distillate was approximately between 149-151°C. This was indicated by the formation of the distillate and when the mixture of the purified 1-pentyl ethanoate started to vigorously

In addition to discovering these properties through investigative searches online, a chemical analysis in terms of percent gram mole atoms is useful to those handling the crude oil. The main interest is in Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Knowing these percentages can help determine the amount of air needed for a certain amount of the crude oil to completely combust, aid in vapor pressure calculations, and eventually the design of a transportation device for Albian Synthetic Heavy. These percentages would only include the combustible components of the crude oil, as noncombustible aspects of the crude oil would not play a role in combustion analysis. Determining the chemical composition of the Crude Oil in question and determining the C, H, and O percentages are the two main problems at hand in order to properly do a combustion analysis and prevent explosions during transportation of Albian Synthetic Heavy.

Figure 1 is a distillation graph of temperature in degrees Celsius vs volume of distillate in milliliters.

To understand this experiment, it is important that one understands what procedures such as TGA, MS and Dilatometry are about. The purpose of this experiment is to detect any hydrocarbons and to evaluate thermal expansion using TGA, MS and Dilatometry. As a reminder, hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of hydrogen and carbon that occur naturally in crude oil but can also be found in coil and natural gas. Hydrocarbons can be solids, liquids or gases. Hydrocarbons are extracted differently depending on their type and the material they are found in. For example, hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is used to extract natural gas from shale by cracking the

Known to be a very important tool in chemistry, its primary usage in quantitative and qualitative analysis of mixtures. Gas Chromatography can determine unknown volatile compounds through the means that it can separate organic compounds from a mixture (Linde

Since alcohol is very volatile it is more practical to detect the compound using Gas Chromatography (GC) instead of High Performance Liquid Chromatography. With hydrocarbon it is suitable to use flame-ionisation energy. In this experiment, GC that was used has the schematic diagram as below:

The condenser also functions to maintain the temperature throughout the heating process and thereby maximizing the accuracy of the experimental results. The addition of boiling chips in the heating process to dissolve the diphenyl serves to minimize the possibility of the occurrence of bumping, i.e. sudden explosive boiling whereby large bubbles erupt from the heated solution. Instead, a steady stream of small air bubbles is produced with the addition of the chips.