Gas Chromatography Lab Report

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

This purpose of this lab is to use gas chromatography to identify unknown compounds. In this lab, six known substances were first tested for their retention times to be used as standards when figuring out the three substances contained in a known mixture. The vernier mini gc in this experiment, just like all the other types of chromatography, have both a stationary and mobile phase. With this instrument, the stationary phase is a metal outer column and the mobile phase is the atmospheric air, which is how the vernier mini gc works. This instrument is used alongside a computer to be able to obtain the readings of the injected substances and shown as peaks on a chromatograph. The specific time it takes for a substance to exit the chromatography

Procedure: First, we began the lab with the chromatography strip positioned 152 mm tall and 19 mm wide. Using a ruler and pencil, we drew 15 mm from the bottom of the paper across the width. We measured 9.5 mm from the edge and placed a dot with the pencil on the line to mark the starting point. The, we measured 20 mm from the top of the strip and folded across the width of the strip. These few steps were repeated with a second strip.

Paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of substances into their components. There are different types of chromatography but they are all based on the same principal. Paper chromatography is an analytical method that is used to separate colored chemicals or substances, especially pigments. They all have a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The moving substance is called the mobile phase while the stationary phase stays put. The mobile phase flows through the stationary phase and carries the components of the mixture with it. The stationary phase is motionless and is the actual medium that performs the separation. Ninhydren reacts with amino acids to give colored compounds and detect the location of the amino acids. This is used because amino acids are colorless. Different components travel at different rates. Each one undergoes adsorption in a slightly different way and spends more or less time in either the solid or the liquid phase. Components of the samples will separate readily according to how strongly they absorb on the stationary phase vs. how readily they dissolve in the mobile phase.

Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures of substances into their components^2. It can be used to various activities such as separating different pigment of dyes and inks all the way to analyzing DNA sequences.

During this experiment the His-tagged protein RNase H was purified using affinity chromatography. The source of over-expressed His-tagged RNase H used was 5.0 mL of E. coli lysate. The experiment was performed in partners using different materials in order to prepare the needed three buffers to an approximate pH value of 7.9. Once the three buffers were ready a minicolumn was packed with 0.5 mL of Ni-NTA agarose and then different solutions were used to wash the column, starting with DI water, followed by the loading buffer, then the E.coli lysate, the washing buffer, and finally the eluting buffer. Some of the flows through were collected for future analysis in the upcoming experiments. The first was after the washing with the E.coli lysate, then the first wash from the washing buffer, and finally the flow through obtained after the wash with the eluting buffer.

Chemical change can be defined as a change that occurs at the molecular level, which includes making or breaking between atoms to produce new chemical substances. Signs that can indicate a chemical change are a difference in colour, change in heat temperature, gases being produced or precipitate forming. Chemical changes are categorised into 5 types of reactions; combination, decomposition, single-displacement, double-replacement and combustion.

At Tingalpa creek a number of chemical tests were performed in order to collect data about the health of the waterway. Water temprature,oxygen concentration, PH level, Nitrates/nitrites, phosphorus, salinity and E.coli were tested.

There are many methods in the literature about measuring the porosity of porous material29. In our experiment, straight pieces of Grade 1 chromatography paper of 20 ⅹ 1 cm2 are cut. These segments are laminated to reduce the evaporation effect of water and also minimize the paper swelling upon getting wet. They were first weighed dry on a sensitive weighing balance. The bottom section of the laminated film is open, and the paper strips are dipped into water and oleic acid in a vertical position. The top of the laminated section is pierced to allow atmospheric pressure to act on both the sides and therefore not increasing the pressure increase inside the film as shown in Figure 1A.

The report providing an analysis and evaluation of the exercise upon the heart for a lady in her mid-thirties who has participated within a spinning class

The second spectrum had five distinct signals with no signs of symmetry and therefore must be coming from the ortho isomer. For this ortho isomer the calculated and observed peak values were quite different. This could have been due to many factors. These factors include the temperature, concentration, and PH of the sample and also the type of spectrometer used.8 One major difference can be caused by the solvent used for the sample. The observed spectrum was performed using CDCl3 but it was very likely the calculated spectrum was performed using a different solvent such as DMSO. Depending on the structure, bonding behaves differently to each solvent. Another reason that the calculated values may vary from observed values is that the

With a given 10x20 Whatman #1 chromatography paper, the dots were marked and numbered from 1 to 9 in pencil within 2 cm intervals from each edge, 2 cm along the lines, and 2 cm from the bottom. With a scrap piece of chromatography paper, 8 substances were obtained; Red #3 (erythrosine), Red #40 (Allura red), Blue #1 (brilliant blue FCF or erioglaucine), Yellow #5 (tartrazine), Red food coloring, blue food coloring, green food coloring, and yellow food coloring. And the last ninth substance was needed to made with brown M & Ms. The 2 brown M & Ms were left on the beaker mixed with 0.5 mL water and 0.5 mL ethanol. Once the brown color disappeared from shells of the M & Ms to the solvent, the liquid changed from clear to dark brown color.

In some studies, MASS at cutoff point = 7, sensitivity 65.7%, specificity 37.5%, PPV 89.8%, NPV 11.5% and accuracy 62.7%. Choosing the cutoff point =6,

in Set 2, the Red highlighted cells with value difference greater than Set1 belong to the same

Abstract— A compact frequency reconfigurable slot antenna containing A U-shaped slot with short ends and an L-shaped slot with open ends are engraved in the ground plane to realize dualband operation By implanting 2 PIN diodes in tothe slots,accesible reconfigurability of three frequency bands over a frequency ratio of 2.62:1 can be achieved. For reducing the cross polarization of the antenna, one more L-shaped slot is introduced proportionally. In this proposed method, less VSWR, optimum return loss and high efficient radiation pattern will be obtained. Settled monopole bearing empty-headed regulations are achieved at all operating frequencies. From the simulated and measured results, we observe that the antenna is switched between 2