Gastric Adenocarcinoma Case Study

higher risk of early recurrence. This study was retrospectively performed on 101 patients with stage II and III

Cancer is a serious public health issue worldwide, due to its increasing prevalence. Annually there are more than eight million new cases of cancer in the world, however there has been significant progress in the treatment methods. Of the total cases, around 40% of patients will receive curative benefit from surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination modality (1). The choice of cancer treatment will depend on its location, extent, relationship with neighboring anatomical structures, involvement of the lymphatic chain and physical condition of the patient.

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that develops slowly over many years. Most frequently, stomach cancer starts in the lining of the stomach otherwise knows as the mucosa, and then develops into the other layers of the stomach. There are many ways in which stomach cancer spreads. In some cases it invades near by organs or it can also travel through the bloodstream to for cancer in other organs. There are many statistics and organizations of support for stomach cancer, as well as, symptoms, risk factors, screening and diagnosis’ and, treatments. Like all cancers, stomach cancer is a deathly disease and one of the major leading causes of cancer deaths in countries other than the U.S.

Results showed that VeriStrat® testing was able to identify a group of patients who have worse progression free survival (PFS) when treated with Femara alone, independent of Her2 status.

The aim of this report is to provide primary evidence which supports and explains the reasons why Herceptin is used in the treatment of HER2+ cancers.

Luminal A is the subtype in which the breast cancer is ER and/or PR positive, and HER2 negative. Luminal B is the subtype in which the breast cancer is ER and/or PR positive, and either HER2 positive of negative. Basal like is the subtype in which breast cancer is ER and PR negative, while also being HER2 negative. HER2 is the subtype in which the breast cancer is ER and PR negative, while being HER2 positive. This is usually successfully treated with therapies that target the HER2 protein. Depending on the expression of the receptors, different treatments such as radiation, surgery for removal of cancer, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy can be used.

Since tumor instability is not only seen between the primary and relapse setting but also throughout tumor progression, this makes clinical decisions more difficult and makes taking biopsies in a consecutive manner in the advanced setting a very important step to optimize treatment decision making for patients (Lindstrom et al,

On physical examination, she had a firm to hard, non tender lump on the right side. The contralateral breast examination was unremarkable. Axillary lymph nodes were not palpable.

The member in question was diagnosed with a primary cancer for which she underwent a surgical procedure. While reviewing the pathologic review of the tissue from her surgery, a second primary cancer is identified which may act in a more aggressive fashion than the original malignancy. Therefore, this case be should be consider in a unique way and standard protocols may not be applicable.

Vogel, Charles L., et al. "Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 20.3 (2002): 719-726.

Female breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world with over 1.6 million cases diagnosed in 2012 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012). Deaths from breast cancer within Australia have increased by 380% from 2003 to 2012 (ABS, 2012)(Smith et al., 2012). An individual’s risk of developing breast cancer increases dramatically with age until 50 where it plateaus giving women a 1:8 lifetime risk (Kamangar et al., 2006)(Davies, 2012). There are several varieties of breast cancer with the most frequent being invasive ductal carcinoma (Fernandez-Vega et al., 2013).

The authors used 1mM of melatonin, dissolved in 50% of PBS and 50% buffer solution, as the melatonin treatment for cancer stem cell viability assay. The data obtained from melatonin treatment was compared with a control group. However, they did not mention the treatment condition of control group, and the vehicle that was used to dissolve the melatonin, might have some effect on the viability of cancer stem cells. Therefore, they should include the vehicle treatment group in figure 3. Inclusion of vehicle group will strengthen their claim

Cancer is the uncontrollable division and growth of abnormal cells resulting in formation of an aggressive tumour. In some forms of Breast cancer, the cells proliferate uncontrollably due to over-expression of the protein HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2); a receptor embedded within the membrane of cells, allowing for the transfer of signals outside to inside the cell. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody administered through intravenous infusion, to be taken on its own or in combination with one or more chemotherapy regimens. It reduces risk of the cancer reoccurring or spreading by inhibiting the effects of HER2, and enhancing the body’s immune system.

2 months ago the patient was at the local hospital for medical checkups, during physical examination: the endoscopy pointed out the mass arise from submucosa located at the fundus of the stomach, may be the stromal tumors, recommend for surgical treatment, the patient had no nausea and vomiting, no abdominal pain, abdominal distension, no diarrhea, no chest tightness, shortness of breath, no other discomfort, the patient came to our hospital for surgical treatment. The patient was admitted by the diagnosis of Gastric stromal

for ERG and SPINK1 (Table 1). Given the presence of multiple independent tumor foci in a sample, ERG/SPINK1 screening identified mutually exclusive expression in independent tumor foci with additional tumor foci negative for ERG/SPINK1 (Figure 6-left panel). On a consecutive whole mount tissue slide from the same patient, we performed ETV1 RNA-ISH and identified a third independent tumor foci positive for ETV1 (Figure 6-right panel). Further on a third consecutive slide we performed PTEN IHC and found PTEN loss only in the tumor foci positive for ETV1 (image not shown). These results indicate the independent origin of each tumor foci with distinct driver molecular aberration. The designated dominant nodule (large size) was negative for