Gastrointestinal Lesions

Prolonged exposure to acidic refluxate can erode the mucosa of the oesophagus, promoting inflammatory cell infiltrate and finally causing necrosis of the epithelial cells (Johnston, 2015). The native squamous cell epithelium is injured and is repaired. In some cases the squamous cell epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium in a metaplastic process which is most likely an adaptative response. This columnar epithelium is more tolerant of low pH. The altered tissue resembles intestinal epithelium as it often contains intestinal crypts and goblet cells (Mondiano, 2007).

I’m doing my report on Reglan. Reglan is a medication they give to people with digestion and indigestion problems such as Gastroparesis. What’s Gastroparesis? Gastroparesis is a partial paralysis of the stomach which results in delayed emptying. The reasoning of why I chose Reglan is, because they prescribe it to people that have Gastroparesis, and my niece was diagnosed with it at age of 12 weeks old.

Choice “C” is the best answer. Gastrinomas may occur as single tumors or as multiple, small tumors. About one-half to two-thirds of single gastrinomas are malignant tumors that most commonly spread to the liver and lymph nodes near the pancreas and small bowel.

1) [4-6, 2, 7]. Maintaining a delicate balance between tolerance and responsiveness in the intestinal mucosal immune system is very important and disruption of this balance leads to chronic intestinal inflammation [53, 4]. A properly functioning mucosal immune system, the mucosal barrier, and the presence of endogenous microbiota are the main elements in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis [54]. The occurrence of an aberrant immune response to endogenous microbiota has been proposed to play an important role in the disease pathogenesis of CE in dogs [8, 2, 7]. Thus, phagocyte activation and their biomarkers may represent potential and useful markers of inflammation in dogs with

These different layers are made up of many tissues allowing the full function of the esophagus. Beginning in the lumen the mucosa is comprised of 3 layers, the epithelial layer, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The epithelial layer is composed of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The epithelial layer has larger cells rich in glycogen that become have a more flattened appearance as they approach the lumen. The basal zone of this layer consists of cuboidal or rectangular cells that have basophilic nuclei and cytoplasm containing no glycogen with melanocytes and neuroendocrine cells are scattered.9 The lamina propria is follows the basal lamina and consists of loosely arranged collagen fibers and fibroblasts in a glycosaminoglycan matrix with lymphocytes, eosinophils, and some mast cells and plasma cells. Tongues of the lamina propria extend towards the lumen surface giving a waved appearance. A thin muscularis mucosa layer is the deepest of the mucosa composed of sheets of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle. Bellow the layers of the mucosa is the submucosa. This layer is rich in blood vessels, lymphocytes, nerves, ganglion cells, and scattered with mucous glands that secrete acid mucins. The ducts of these glands are lined with stratified columnar epithelium which penetrate the layers of the mucosa opening to the lumen of the esophagus.9 Lymphocytes,

Gastrointestinal issues are common in endurance athletes, and can make competing in that sport much more difficult. Upper GI issues are usually accompanied with heartburn, bloating, and vomiting. While lower GI issues symptoms include the urge to dedicate, loose stool, diarrhea, and bleeding. It is imortant to note that "GI symptoms among athletes vary enormously, and some athletes are more prone than others" (Oliveria, 2014). There are three general causes for theses symptoms.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most frequent mesenquimal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract and may appear at any of its portions. Nevertheless, they occur rarely in duodenum since less than 5 % of all GIST are located in this portion of the digestive tract. Unlike carcinomas, GIST don´t usually widely infiltrate the mucosa; submucosal extension is limited and they rarely metastasize to peritoneum or lymphatic nodes. They are well encapsulated tumors and usually cause displacement, but no invasion of near organs. This lead to consider completed surgical resection with negative section margins without lymphadenectomy as the main curative treatment and limited resections are performed every time they are feasible. A patient

Most of the T cells in the gastric mucosa differentiate into Th1 cytokines, the others become anergic. Anergy of T cells may be brought about by the interaction of T cells with the gastric epithelial cells that express B7-H1. B7-H1 is a costimulatory molecule that increases during H. pylori infection. In gastric epithelial cells the development of Treg cells from naïve T cells is brought about by exposure to H. pylori via induction of BH-71. This suggests that H. pylori might utilise the epithelium to promote the development of Treg cells which play a vital role in suppressing effector T cells. Because of this the existence on Treg cells in H. pylori infection may diminish the adaptive immune

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal (GI) medical emergency that occurs in neonates. Although it commonly affects premature babies, it can happen in term babies as well. It usually occurs during the first two to four weeks of life in premature babies and in one to three days for up to one month in term babies. For the premature babies, their organs are not fully developed and it puts them at risk for disease. It is an acute inflammatory disease that is characterized by damage to the intestinal tract and can range from mucosal injury (the lining of the intestines), to full thickness necrosis (where the tissue dies) and perforation (where there is a hole in the intestine. The exact cause is unknown but some ideas are that babies have underdeveloped intestines, there may have been too little oxygen or blood flow to the intestines, injury to the intestinal tract, a heavy growth of bacteria in the intestines that erodes the intestinal wall, and formula feedings. Although NEC can occur anywhere in the intestines and colon, it commonly affects the terminal ileum (where the small intestine connects to the large intestine) and the proximal ascending colon.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are rare tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. However, from another perspective, they are also considered to constitute the most common mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. These tumours are believed to arise from the interstitial cells of Cajal, the pacemaker cell of the gastrointestinal tract 1. In the past, these mesenchymal tumors were classified as leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas or leiomyoblastomas. Not until recently, with the advent of immunohistochemistry, that the GISTs have been considered a separate clinical entity. Approximately 85% of GISTs harbour an activating Gain-of-function c-KIT (CD117)

Mazur and Clark in 1983 first coined the term GIST as neoplasms that lacked the immunohistochemical features of Schwann cells and had no structural characteristics of smooth muscle cells . 50% to 60% of lesions arise in the stomach whereas 20% to 30% are known to arise in small bowel,10% of all GISTS arise in the large bowel, 5% in the esophagus, and 5% elsewhere in the abdominal cavity . Various clinical trials

The outcome of infection at 125 to 175 days of pregnancy is teratogenic effects mainly in brain and eyes appears as cerebellar hypoplasia, aplasia, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, retinal atrophy, optic neuritis, cataract or retinal dysplasia. Therefore, the affected newborn calves showed neurological signs appears as tremors, ataxia, torticollis and opisthotonus. In addition, BVDV may attack another organs but in less frequency resulting in reduced size of thymus, arthrogryposis and alopecia (Ward 1969; Duffel and Harkness 1985; Hewicker-Trautwein et al. 1986; Grooms 2004)

There were also whitish nodular patches (1-2mm) that covered the surface, giving the appearance a cobblestone figure. In all EDGA rats, chronic esophagitis occurred, and the highest lesion index and histological score was reported. The chronic exposure to the mixed reflux of acid and bile salts resulted in this along with the cells being replaced by intestinalized columnar epithelium with neutrophils, eosinophils, plasma cells, and lymphocytes. Intestinal metaplasia and mucinous adenocarcinoma was also present in the esophageal wall.

The anatomical study of the gastrointestinal tract in revealed that the stomach was located on the left side and had two parts, one a large pouch, and another the pyloric region that transversely progressed to the right and had longitudinal mucosal folds. The pyloric sphincter was easily detected with Gastrografin so that it created an empty space between the stomach and duodenum.

The excised specimen were fixed immediately in 10% buffered formalin and Standard tissue processing was performed.Haematoxylin and Eosin staining was performed,and the sections were examined by two gastrointestinal pathologists.