Gastrointestinal Tract Research Paper

The genome of E. coli 0157:H7 was recently sequenced and contains 1,387 new genes absent in non pathogenic strains. Analysis of the genome suggests that there are a variety of potential virulence genes that have yet to be explored, including fimbrial and other adhesions, secretion systems, and toxins. Many of the virulence genes are similar to those associated with pathogenesis in Salmonella and Shigella. Most of them are found on pathogenicity islands from viral DNA that is transmitted to the bacteria through the activity of a lysogenic phage. The two most important toxins, Stx1 and Stx2 (for shiga-toxin) are found on such islands and are composed of 5 B subunits surounding an active A component, which is transported into the cell after the

Strains of Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium contain set of operons called the locus enterocyte effacement (LEE) region in their genomes. This region encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS).

A small bowel obstruction is a blockage of the small bowel, also called the small intestine. The small bowel is a long, slender tube that connects the stomach to the colon. When a person eats and drinks, food and fluids go from the stomach to the small bowel. This is where most of the nutrients in the food and fluids are absorbed.

Foodborne illnesses is an important problem in the United States, which cause a total of 19,056 infections, 4,200 hospitalizations, and 80 deaths were reported in 2013. Moreover, foodborne illnesses cost the United States an estimated $152 billion per year in healthcare (Scharff, 2010; CDC, 2014). E. coli O157 belonged Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), it was usually classified pathotypically as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (Bryan et al., 2015). Between 2000 and 2010 have 5688 cases of O157 STEC infections were reported by FoodNet sentinel states, while the rate of O157 STEC infection decreased from 2.17 to 0.95 per 100,000 (Gould et al., 2013). By the way, Magwedere et al. (2013) also reported retail ground meat samples were purchased at grocery stores, local farmers’ markets, and online vendors, out of 16 ground chicken samples, 7 samples tested positive for O157 STEC. On the other hand, E. coli also causes diverse extraintestinal infections by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), urinary tract infections (UTI) is a good example to illustrate. The economic burden associated with urinary tract infections is estimated to be approximately 1.5 billion in the United States annually. According to previous studies, the food animal and meat reservoir might exist and isolate from retail chicken meat products for UPEC (Jakobsen et al., 2010; Shortlidge et al., 2013; Natalie et al., 2015). In recent research suggested UPEC besides the ability to

Cholera remains a drastically severe disease, killing hundreds of people each outbreak. When ingested, it attaches to the mucosal lining of the intestines and disrupts the normal flow of ions so that there is more sodium, chloride, and water in the intestinal lumen than normal and results in massive diarrhea. Cholera has made a global impact and been endemic in almost all parts of the world. Cholera control strongly emphasizes sanitation, clean drinking water, isolation, and careful food preparation. Two ways our body works against cholera as a self-limiting disease are sloughing cells and the secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) antibody produced by mucus throughout our body. There are

Many people think of Escherichia coli as only a severe intestinal illness caused by eating uncooked, contaminated water, or unwashed fruits, but it is much more than only a negative (Amenu et al., 2014). The quick regeneration time of Escherichia coli makes it extremely useful in laboratory studies. In terms of research, a useful aspect of Escherichia coli is the extensive amount of information we have on them (Archer et al., 2011). Scientists have used Escherichia coli to host proteins, and it has been excellent resource for evolution studies as the bacteria has adapted frequently over the years (Archer et al., 2011). The non- pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are frequently used in medical investigations involving diseases that are difficult to work with. Examples of these diseases include cancer or anthrax poisoning (Das et al., 2013).

This strain of E.coli can be transmitted by infected foods such as meat and contaminated beverages. These infections are common among industrialized countries where infected meat are quickly processed and prepared with uncontaminated meat and shipped across the country. In 1982, the first Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 infection was associated with hamburgers from fast-food chains (Ehnes, 2010). This strain of E.coli can exist in the intestine of some cattle, therefore, contamination can occur during the slaughtering process. Normally, the bacteria is present on the surface of the meat, but when grounding the infected meat into hamburgers, the bacteria can enter the center of the meat and cause infection if the hamburger is not cooked properly. Preventing contamination is difficult since it only takes a few cells to cause infection. The best way to prevent infection is by simply cooking or pasteurizing foods and beverages since this strain can easily be killed by heat (Thiel, 1999). This strain of E.coli has different genetic characteristics than the strain that exists as normal flora in the human intestine by its ability to release poisonous substances called toxins. E.coli serotype O157:H7 is known to produce specific toxins from its extra gene named Shiga-toxins. These toxins work to inactivate the 60S ribosomal subunit of eukaryotic cells, inhibiting the translation

Helicobacter pylori is structurally small, gram negative rods which is microaerophilic in nature and has capability of colonizing regularly in human stomach (Strausbaugh et al., 2002). Due to such colonizing capability, it is regarded as one of the most common bacterial pathogen present in almost 50% of the world’s population (Zhao et al., 2014) and the reason behind such well adaptation or enduring of H.pylori in the Human’s stomach is due to the combined effects of several factors that addresses different challenges or obstacles presented by the nasty environment inside the stomach (Montecucco and Rappuoli, 2001). Helicobacter pylori produce the urease that neutralize the gastric acid or shows the buffering effect around the surroundings within the stomach. Moreover, it has a capacity of crossing the thick mucus lining of the stomach easily and binding itself to the antigen known as Lewis antigen that are basically present in gastric cells and whose function is to secrete different factors associated with stimulating and attracting the inflammatory cells and Toxin VacA that performs the multiple functions and such activities of H.pylori is possible due to its helicoidal shape the mode of action of flagella present. Mainly, the presence of the cag pathogenicity island (Cag-PAI) which is a 40-kb DNA insertion elements containing 32 genes and encoding a type IV secretion system helps in the optimal fitness of the bacteria in the stomach and appearance of pathogenic traits.

Gastroschisis is a congenital birth defect characterized by immature development of the anterior abdominal wall in utero. This rare malformation occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy and results in the development of loops of bowel, intestine, and other organs outside of the abdominal wall, typically, to the right of the umbilicus. These structures are not covered by a protective overlying sac and are exposed to air when the infant is born, potentially causing them to become irritated, inflamed, swollen, or damaged (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). It is estimated that gastroschisis occurs in approximately 1 per 5000 live births, with the prevalence increasing worldwide (Mac Bird, Robbins, Druschel, Cleves, Yang, & Hobbs,

The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the

Previous studies have shown that bacteria such as Escherichia coli have contributed to diarrhea among children across the world (Kreisberg et al., 2010). E coli produce particular heat- liable toxins, STb, which has been responsible for diarrheas in many farm animals through the induction of intestinal barrier dysfunction (Kreisberg et al., 2010). Another study had also investigated the alterations in tight junctions after E coli infection in vivo. The investigation concluded that the tight junction proteins, claudin and occludin, were dislocated from the cellular membrane (Zhang et al., 2010). The integrity of the tight junction proteins in vitro can be observed by utilizing the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The electrical resistance determines the confluence of the epithelial monolayer. Properly functioning tight junctions are characterized by high TER (Lu el at., 2013). The bacterial effect on tight junction should be addressed because it emphasizes the importance of the communication between bacteria and the intestinal epithelial cells. It allows for an elaborate understanding of the bacterial pathogens and how it induces epithelial cell

A small bowel obstruction means that something is blocking the small bowel. The small bowel is also called the small intestine. It is the long tube that connects the stomach to the colon. An obstruction will stop food and fluids from passing through the small bowel. Treatment depends on what is causing the problem and how bad the problem is.

Most commonly, intestinal pseudo obstruction takes place in the small intestine, not allowing food to be digested resulting in an obstruction.

Gastroenterology or GI is the study of the digestive system and disorders of the digestive system. The digestive system consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Two common procedures of the gastroenterology field include; Nissen Fundoplication or Nissen Fundoplasty and Gastrostomy Tube Placement. Another procedure that will be covered is the Caesarean section, which is not a procedure of the digestive system, but of the female reproductive system.

Currently, the gold-standard assay for cholera diagnosis is the isolation and identification of V. cholera from cultured stool samples. This culture-based method may take up to 48 hours for results and relies on clinical symptoms and prior knowledge for pathogen identification. This method remains problematic for developing successful control strategies, particularly for the current asymptomatic El Tor strain 7P. To complicate matters further, V. cholerae cannot be cultured when in a biofilm state, which is formed upon human ingestion as a means of protection from the acidic nature of the stomach.