Gel Electrophoresis Lab

Proteins are the basis of the protoplasm (fluid living content of the cell that contains the cytoplasm and cell nucleus) and are found in all living organisms. Proteins make up the bulk of animals body’s non-skeletal structure. As enzymes, they catalyze biochemical reactions; as antibodies, they prevent the effects of invading organisms; and as hormones, they control metabolic processes (C. Bissonnette, 2011). The Biuret test was used to detect the presence of peptide bonds within proteins, and they were found present in test tube #9 (control for peptide bonds).

Figure 1 contains gel electrophoresis for protein samples. The lanes were labeled from 1 to 10 from the right to the left. Lane 1 contained the ladder fragment. Lane 2 contained the filtrate. Lane 3 contained the S1 sample. Lane 4 contained the P1 sample. Lane 5 contained the P1 medium salt sample. Lane 6 contained the P1 high salt sample. Lane 7 contained the S2 sample. Lane 8 contained the P2 sample. Lane 9 contained the P2 medium salt sample. Lane 10 contained the P2 high salt sample.

I learned that anaerobic is an organism or tissue that is living in the absence of air or oxygen while aerobic is involves the organism or tissue receiving and requiring air. Furthermore I learned about the anaerobic cellular respiration that uses an electron acceptor rather than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis. Also in this reading I learned about fermentation which is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available.

The proteins of Bovine red blood cell (RBC) membranes were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After analyzing Bovine RBC they were then compared to human RBC counterpart. Following finding the log of each molecular weight of each band, band one showed the highest molecular weight. All five bands viewed were from humans. There are typically 7 bands visible however, in our case only five were visible due to implications within the gel sample.

Enzymes Introduction: An enzyme is substance created by living organisms as a catalyst to create a particular biochemical reaction. Biological catalyst are enzymes, biological catalyst are also compounds that increase the amount of a chemical reaction the reaction being changed. Catalysis takes place when the active site of an enzymes starts to combine with the substrate. Which will form the enzyme-substrate complex.

This experiment will help students to get familiar with Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC) which is used mostly to separate unknown mixture of metal ions. Anion and cation are known as two types of IEC. This column chromatography contains two phase such as stationary phase and mobile phase. In this experiment, stationary phase usually is made of organic resin or polymers because these are insoluble in water and barely inert. AG 1-X8 resin is used in this experiment because of their strongly basic anion exchanger. 3M HCl is used as mobile phase in this column chromatography. Cobalt (II) and Copper(II) bounds to different number of Cl- ligands, so they have different affinity to the resin.

Purpose The main purpose of this experiment was to test and observe how DNA molecules are being tested or separated. Introduction The final goal of this lab was to successfully measure the size of different samples of DNA placing each samples into a well in agarose gel and running a current through a charged chamber.

Modern medicines, like insulin, are made by using genetically engineered bacteria. Bacterial transformation is used to engineer bacteria to produce these medicines. Scientists are able to transfer DNA from other organisms to bacteria, commonly through plasmids, to transform the bacterial DNA. Scientists have been able to artificially stimulate the bacteria to uptake certain chosen genes and then incorporate them into their genomes through transformation. This is often done by the use of a heat shock process in order for the chosen genes to be transformed into the bacteria’s original DNA. If the transformation process was successful, the foreign genes in the transgenic bacterium will be expressed through the production of proteins. The bacterium have the ability to clone themselves and a fast

The pH of all ethosomal gels was found between 6.0 and 7.0 (Table 3) that lie in the normal pH range of skin, 4.0-6.8 and hence the preparations will be irritation free [24]. The pH of all the ethosomal gels was more or less equal to the skin pH, making the formulations suitable for application on skin aiding in systemic action. % Drug content of all the formulations was determined and was found to have a range of 98-100% when UV-Spectrophotometer is used. This shows that drug was dispersed homogenously throughout the gels. The drug content for F13 formulation was found to be higher because of the optimum ethanol concentration.

Take an electrophoresis chamber and take out the UVT gel tray within the chamber. Grab a millimeter grid and place it on the electrophoresis chamber stage, then place the UVT gel tray on top of the millimeter grid.

Hemoglobin is present in red blood cells of the body and transport oxygen from lungs to the rest of the human body (National, 2015). Humans carry different types of hemoglobin, but there are three common types found in the gel electrophoresis. One of the test blood that help people to diagnose any disease is the hemoglobin electrophoresis. Hemoglobin electrophoresis test looks at the different types of hemoglobin in the blood, and can help diagnose the type of anemia that the person could have (National, 2014). The three common types of hemoglobin presents in humans are normal hemoglobin, sickle trait hemoglobin, and sickle cell hemoglobin. Abnormal hemoglobin, called hemoglobin S, causes sickle cell disease (SCD). The sickle cell hemoglobin

The purpose of this experiment was to explored concepts electrochemistry by creating galvanic cells and observed the spontaneity of reactions in three parts. In part A of this experiment, strips of copper, lead, and zinc were placed onto a well plate containing either 1M . Observations reported over a ten minute interval were recorded in table 1. In part B, electrochemical cells were made with strips of iron, copper, lead, and Zinc dip into copper sulfate or lead nitrate solution . The salt bridge was made using filter paper and .5 M potassium nitrate. The voltage of the reactions between the metals can be record by attaching the anode and cathode probe to each metal pair with alligator clips. In part C, a brass penny was made through the reduction of zinc. The mass of the pennies were measured in each step: initial mass, mass after deposited of zinc, and mass with brass formed.

Gel purification allows us to isolate and purify DNA fragments based on size. The DNA bands from the agarose gel are cut out and purified using some procedure. The band was extracted by using the QIAgen gel extraction protocol. The DNA bands after purification for CD01 and CD02 were shown in Figure 4.3. This steps also considered to be vital components in molecular biology technique as it can help determine the success or failure of the downstream

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a common technique that is used to separate and identify unknown DNA molecules according to their sizes and structures. Agarose gel enables this with the pores it contains. These pores act as a sieve, and allows the DNA molecules to separate by size and conformation; the larger and more linear the molecules are, the slower they will travel down the gel. These DNA molecules are able to travel due to their negative property caused by their phosphate groups. Once the gel is running in electric fields, the negatively charged DNA molecules travel to the positive end of the electrode. Once running the gel is finished, the gel is compared with a known standard to determine the size and concentration of the DNA in the

The erythrocyte cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer, similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells. Simply put, this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol andphospholipids in equal proportions by weight. The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity. Additionally, the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer.