Gender And Openness At Experience

The five-factor model (FFM) is a contemporary construct describing personality. It incorporates five traits – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism also referred to as OCEAN. Within each dimension, there are specific personality attributes, for example, openness includes subcategories of feelings and actions. The FFM was influenced by Cattell’s 16-factor model (1957) and shares traits with many other personality theories such as Eysenck’s PEN model. There has been an ongoing debate discussing how many factors appropriately represent the brain structure of personality, suggestions have varied from 2-7, recently Almagor et al. (1995) advocated that a 7-factor model unfolds when evaluative traits are involved. Costa & Mcrae (1992) claim that the FFM is the best theory of personality, however, the model has received much criticism. Through examining different aspects of the model its credibility can be explored.

The mean age of the participants was 19.3 which means our sample was very close to the average age of college students. The standard deviation between participants was .955, the minimum age was 18 years old and the maximum was 22 years old. 3 out of the 102 participants age were missing from the data. The question responses were used to find the standard deviation and mean for the Big Five personality trait score. The Big Five personality traits are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experiences. The response scales for these were from a 1 to 7, with a range of 6. The higher the response score the more the participant agreed with the statement and the lower the score less the participant

A test was conducted using the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP; Goldberg, 1999) by Maples et. al. (2014) using 120-item questionnaire test of the

Personality can be defined through the model used in Parker’s et al. (2004) study which includes agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism, and extraversion. Agreeableness is getting along with other people, conscientiousness is the ability to stay on task, openness is how a person adapts to change, neuroticism is a predisposition to negative emotions, and extraversion is the need for sensation-seeking. Together those personality dimensions describe individual differences. To measure these dimensions, a common tool used was the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. This was a self-report questionnaire containing 60 items, and a score is calculated to indicate the level of each dimension.

The next hypothesis did not appear to be as strongly supported by the study they state, “In a multiple regression, all three personality traits significantly contributed to the prediction of mean-level of moral identity, agreeableness, …, conscientiousness… neuroticism…, The effects of openness and extraversion, by contrast, were not significant” Krettenauer (2015). Some parts appeared to support their hypotheses while others did not.

Openness to experience which consist of; encompassing interest in novel people, ideas, and aesthetics. The study found that neither of these really held much difference between to the two genders, but when you looked at the specific subcategories on extraversion and openness females scored higher on a few and males scored higher than females on some. Men specifically scored higher on openness to ideas, while women scored higher on openness to aesthetics and feelings. For extraversion men also scored higher on excitement seeking and women scored higher on other extraversion subcategories such as warmth. Males and females do not seem to differ much on conscientiousness which consists of; encompassing such qualities as diligence, self-discipline, orderliness, and goal-orientation. Both of the sexes seems to have very similar average scores (Chapman, B. P., Duberstein, P. R., Sörensen, S., & Lyness, J.

Model was generated through factor analyses, results gathered from a large number of interviews, observations, self and peer reports on personality questionnaires across participants from different ages and cultures.

Among the numerous psychological models of personality studied in this chapter, I believe the most useful model of personality is the five-factor model. Rather than focusing on character traits, the unconscious, or learning principles, this model describes personality as being derived from five higher-order traits known as the “Big Five” (Weiten, McCann, 2016). The Big Five, developed by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, consists of extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Thesis (?): This model is most compelling to me as I can easily identify fundamental aspects of my personality with it.

Other core personality variables that are present at birth and innate to human beings. To better understand the biological and genetic factors that affect personality one must consider how prominent researchers define personality. According to Joshua Wilt and William Revelle (2015), personality is “the coherent pattern of affect, cognition, and desires (goals) as they lead to behavior” (p. 479). Correspondingly, the most prevalent personality framework is the “Big Five,” or the five-factor model of personality developed by McCrae and Costa who specifically assume that traits are biologically based, inherent tendencies that persistently influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors throughout life (Broderick, & Blewitt, 2015). The five traits are as follows: (1) Extraversion which has the characteristics of being outgoing, enthusiastic, active, talkative, and assertive. (2) Agreeableness which has the characteristics of being warm, forgiving, sympathetic, kind, affectionate, generous, and compliant. (3) Conscientiousness which has the characteristics of being organized, reliable, careful, responsible, self-controlled, and efficient. (4) Neuroticism which has the characteristics of being tense, sensitive, moody, anxious, self-pitying, and self-conscious. (5) Openness to Experience which has the characteristics of being insightful, imaginative, artistic, curious, having wide-ranging interests, and a positive orientation to learning.

Recently we discussed the Myers Briggs types and how although these types are a very well known and popular measure of personality, that the Big 5 personality Types (OCEAN) are a more scientifically backed measure of personality. While the Myers Briggs types measure individuals based on four traits, on which individuals are usually generalized either to be at one extreme end of the scale or the other based on their placement on a scale. This allows individuals to be labeled as personalities such as “ENFJ” or “INTP”. However, The OCEAN model rates people on a scale of how much of a certain trait they possess. Individuals are often deemed to be “high” or “low” on a certain trait. The 5 traits (also known as OCEAN) are as follows: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Individuals who are high in the trait of openness tend to enjoy new experiences and trying new things. Those who are high in the trait of conscientiousness are very organized and detail-oriented. People high in extraversion are very outgoing and talkative. Individuals who are very agreeable tend to be trustworthy, kind and affectionate. Individuals high in neuroticism tend to be emotionally

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) assessment is a self-report, 44-item inventory that aims to measure five personality factors in order to learn about an individual’s personality. The five factors being measured are, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. This test uses the S-data approach, as well as the qualitative and quantitative methods. As the results from the Spanish and English BFI assessment are compared, the reliability, validity, and generalizability are analyzed in order to see how effective they are. The results provide an insight on one’s personality in each of the five categories. The findings concluded low reliability,

Upon completion of The Big Five Personality Test I was able to reconfirm key components of my personality. For instance, the ability to open up an experience new events with minimal hesitation. Next, a military mindset helps to promote a strong work ethic with an abundance of attention to detail. Thirdly, enthusiasm makes it easy to thrive in any social environment. Additionally, amicability helps with considering other’s emotional needs during regular interactions. Finally, stability aids with maintaining a high level of relaxation during times of unease. Now, that these five personality traits have been discussed, let’s move onward.

Personality. Participants completed the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003), which contains 2 items for each of the Big Five personality constructs of Extraversion (M ¼ 4.14, SD ¼ 1.60), Openness (M ¼ 5.20, SD¼1.10), Conscientiousness (M¼5.34, SD¼1.22), Neuroticism (M ¼ 3.27, SD ¼ 1.47), and Agreeableness (M ¼ 5.30, SD ¼ 1.10). Items were answered on a scale ranging from 1 (disagree strongly) to 7 (agree strongly). As reported in Gosling, Rentfrow, and Swann (2003), the scale is

The study was conducted using the IPIP measure scales; (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness, Agreeableness & Conscientiousness), (Goldberg, 1999) and the Big Five Factor Model which measure the personality factors of the Big Five (Costa & McCrae, 1992). The four goals of Psychology was taken into consideration using the 25-item translated questionnaire with a 5 point Likert scale.

Personality is a large part of being human, as each person has a unique set of characteristics and traits. One person can be kind and patient and another can be rude and ill tempered. This variability is both what makes the study of personality fascinating and incredibly difficult. Although there are a myriad of different personality traits that can be used to describe a person, psychologists have narrowed it down to five overarching ideas. These are commonly referred to as the “Big Five” personality traits and they consist of, neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness. In particular, this study will focus on neuroticism, the trait that is characterized by high emotionality and instability, anxiety, and irritability (Soto, John, Gosling, & Potter 2011). Of the five, neuroticism is the only one with a negative connotation, which separates it from the others. Nonetheless, despite its poor reputation, neuroticism is an incredibly important trait to study as it is often linked with anxiety and depression (Soto et al., 2011). For example, one study found that participants who were clinically depressed and those who were not but scored highly on the neuroticism scale both had significantly greater negative self-perceptions (Thomson, 2016). Although currently there is only a correlation between these mental disorders and neuroticism, further experimentation could lead to more conclusive result. Recently, mental health has