Gender Differences In Memory And Attention

Music, one of the many factors that enhance our lives, has been a widely ranged field. From Classical music to Hip Hop, there are listeners of all ages, each having their own preference of music. Through research, it has been discovered that memory can be affected by many different factors, including music. Music has been found to stimulate parts of the brain, alleviating stress and depression. Additional research also shows that music, especially Classical, enhances the storage and recall of memory. Therefore we decided to test the effect of music on memory to evaluate the changes and differences.

He found that if the material to be remembered was sang in a rhythmic pattern, rather than spoken or studied by the participant, that the participant would do better on recalling the information, and that music majors performed significantly better than non- music majors on digit recall. Bonin and Smilek (2015), studied the

Gender differences have been recorded by researches from single neurons in the cell to system level processes (Cahill 2006), and certain scientists proposed that sex hormones influence the development of prefrontal cortex, and this is supposed to be the cause of the differences in working memory performance (Duff & Hampson, 2001). This study further investigated the existence and nature of this gender difference. A sample of 497 Monash University psychology undergraduates (385 females and 112 males; ages 18 – 64) were recruited for this study. Working memory performance was tested with online 'spatial working memory ' test, and 2D:4D finger length ratio was used as an indirect measure of sex hormone levels. The results revealed no sex differences in the working memory performance, but variance in 2D:4D ratio – females had a larger ratio than males. Memory reaction time was negatively correlated with 2D:4D ratio, thus, females had a quicker reaction time.

In the modern world of college, an excessive use of the academic steroid, Adderall, has become an easily acquired study drug. It is important to note that Adderall use is becoming an increasingly prevalent issue among students, and can no longer be ignored. Many medical professionals have discovered the benefits of regularly taking Adderall, but unfortunately have unknowingly contributed to the ease of attainability of the academic steroid. Some may argue that the enhancer acts as a remedy to the growing need for focus, when in fact this resolution has led to a whole new set of overwhelming problems such as addiction and unnecessary use.

In a study done by Jennifer L. Lilley, Crystal D. Oberle, and Jon G. Thompson, Jr. at Texas State University, they tested the effects of grade consequences and music on test anxiety and performance. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of the participants grades if there were consequences and how music effects the participates anxiety and their test performances. There were previous works cited on how people improve their spatial cognitive task performances after listening to Mozart (Ho, Mason, & Spence, 2007). They also included studies where there were no benefits to people’s spatial cognitive task performances after listening to Mozart (Hui, 2006).

In this article, Talbot’s targeted audience plays a large role in the organization and choice of evidence that she provides to the reader. The targeted audience that Talbot reaches to are those readers who are interested in the use of the stimulants as cognitive enhancers and their benefits. Talbot’s choice of evidence through testimonials is a crucial part of her being effective toward the targeted audience because she uses the examples she knows that the readers want to hear. The extended use of Talbot’s “Alex” example in the article helps to support her

Compton, W.M., Conway, K.P., Stinson, F.S., Colliver, J.D., & Grant, B.F... (2012) Prevalence correlates, and comorbidity :Comorbidity addiction and other mental illness. National Institute on Drug Abuse.Choice Reviews Online. 20-24.

Sandra P. Thomas said in her short story “The debate about ‘Neuroenhancement’” that “In a study of more than 10,000 college students, rates were as high as 25% at some schools.” The use of such drugs are more likely seen in universities rather than community colleges. People who take neuroenhancement drugs may feel as if they have to since college is so competitiveness to get into. Neuroenhancement drugs are starting to become more popular. Thomas asked “Readers are you seeing young people in your clinical practice who are misusing stimulants?” Adderall, Ritalin, and Provigil are all drugs that people use to enhance the brain. Adderall and Ritalin are the most commonly used drug. Thomas stated in her essay that “The authors, prominent professors at institutions such as Stanford and Harvard, suggest that the drugs will prove ‘increasingly useful for improved quality of life and extended work productivity’” (669). Because neuroenhancing drugs are easily available, college students often use them despite the potential dangers posed by taking them without a prescription.

This academic journal is written by Shaheen E. Lakhan. (source and author) The point of this segment was to test how people react to prescriptive stimulants. Those who have ADHD and those who do not. (summary) This source is helpful to my research because it compares the effects on students that take adderall, prescribed to them or not. (relevance)

focus, and the attention deficit disorder medications and therapy are the cure, then do not

O: Client was seen in outpatient center for 45 min therapy session to address socialization, concentration and attention. Patient was able to identify 3 common distractions during tasks when asked. Pt was able to understand upon return demonstration .PT was able to applied the 2 strategies, given by the therapist, to redirect himself when realize that he is distracted .Pt was asked to be part of a game with another same age partner. Pt was able to initiate a conversation with one peer same age during a game. Pt was able to maintain attention on task for 15 min, with min distractions

memory capacity of the individual and their ability to effectively engage in the distraction technique. This study aims to extend on previous research pertaining to working memory capacity, distractibility and pain perception. The objective of this study is to observe the effect distraction has on altering pain perception relative to an individual’s working memory capacity. In this study we will utilize the operational span task (OSPAN) developed by Turner and Engle (1989) to split the participants into high and low working memory span groups dependent on their OSPAN scores. Participants will then engage in a simulated pain task under two conditions: distraction and no distraction. This study will include 40 participants; 20 in the low working memory span group and 20 in the high working memory span group. We expect that the low working memory span group will, on average, report higher pain ratings than the high working memory span group in the experimental (distraction) condition. We hope that this study will show that the inverse relationship between working memory and distractibility will have an effect on how people perceive pain. We hope that the current study will guide future research in exploring alternative non-pharmacological methods to relieve pain.

2581). The questions of if and how gender plays a role in a person's STM capabilities and working memory is one that has been visited and revisited over time, but has generally yielded fairly consistent results: one sex does not dominate the other in terms of which has a more functional STM, rather, men and women maintain their own respective skills regarding different areas of STM ("Sex Differences in Memory"; Loftus et al. 82).

The participants were Biopsychology students attending Charles Sturt University, 12 females, aged between 18 and 25 years, (M = 20 years, SD = 2 years) and 7 males, aged between 18 and 23 years (M = 20 years, SD = 2 years) and participation in the study was voluntary.

The goal of this lab is to evaluate the effect of different music on test subjects taking math and literature tests, and see which music is the most distracting and the most helpful for subjects. . The objectives of this lab are to observe the effect that the pop, country, rock, and classical music have on the test subjects, and to measure the amount of problem marked wrong against the amount of problems not completed during the task.