Gender Differences in Levels of Stress and Coping Styles in Online First Year Psychology Students

Carver, Scheier & Weintraub (1989) describe the two types of coping as problem focused and emotion focused. Problem focused (Carver, Scheier & Weintraub,1989). Problem focus also involve organizing implementing and taking action when deemed appropriate (Carver, Scheier & Weintraub,1989). Emotion focused examines reducing the distress that relates to the situation (Carver, Scheier & Weintraub,1989). Emotion focused involve refuting and look for general support (Carver, Scheier &

According to ((Sutin, Wethington, et al., 2010) the events that individuals define as stressful and how they cope with these events change across the lifespan ( Aldwin, Sutton, et al., 1996). Starting in late adolescence, the ability to reconstrue negative experiences as positive develops, but it is not until young adulthood that this experienced wisdom is translated into a touchstone for coping with future situations ( Bluck & Glück, 2004).

Gottman studied the patterns of marital interaction as a proximal determinant of couples wellbeing and distress (Gottman & Notarius, 2002). Accordingly,

Although the year 2013 has not been pleasant to say the least for the client, Kylie’s ability to recover from setbacks is one of her strengths. In Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment, the authors define coping as a form of adaptation that implies a struggle to overcome problems (Zastrow, Charles, and Karen Kay. Kirst-Ashman). While indeed Kylie is coping with the loss of her parents and struggling with PTSD, her resiliency will be a valuable asset when she endures future

It is estimated that 20 percent of individuals in Australia will be affected by mental illness at any stage in their life. Previous research attained, highlights that mental illness is twice as common in individuals whom are single than individuals in which are married (Stoddart, 1926). Marriage can generate an essence of identity and contribute to one’s self-worth (Gove et al. 1990). However, marriage can be stressful, specifically to those that are generally more vulnerable to stressors and therefore can eventually lead to the individual becoming more predisposed to developing a mental illness than others. Depression is noted as one of the frequently occurring psychiatric disorders. Depressive symptoms can significantly affect changes in marital status due to the sensitivity and reactiveness predisposed by the symptoms. England & Farkas (1986) found that women appeared to show more emotional investment in their marriage. A study by Gonzalez and Koestner (2006) showed gender differences regarding one’s expression towards romantic emotions, in individuals married or in current relationships. The participants analyzed content of 300 valentine announcements, in which love, praise, commitment and fidelity were the emotions addressed. The study concluded that women emphasized love and fidelity; whilst men emphasized praise and commitment significantly more. Further, research has shown that greater distress was possessed by married women compared to married men, which may be as

Discuss Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman’s and stress and coping paradigm and in view of this paradigm explain age and individual difference in the experience and handling of stress

One of the three questionnaires was about the mood and anxiety symptoms. The participants were asked “how much during the past seven weeks they experienced symptoms (e.g., “I felt like a failure”) on a 5-point scale from not at all to extremely” (Flynn et al., 2010). The results have shown that for men, the depressive symptoms are positively related to suppression and non-acceptance. Emotion suppression implicates as a significant factor in men’s depression. As explained by Flynn et al. (2010) there is a stark contrast between the cultural norms of masculinity and depressive symptoms, it can be seen that the emotional suppression is the result of depressive symptoms as men try to avoid a negative response for being incapable to “take it like a man” (Flynn et al., 2010). It is clear that the strength of this literature is how the author has used gender difference in the ability to discuss the effect of suppressing and its link to depression. Flynn et al. (2010) state that “the possibility that the suppression-depression link is more relevant for men than for women”. One of the weaknesses in this literature is the way that the study was examined, Flynn et al. (2010) have used a questionnaire to assess the general distress

As stated previously, there are differences between people in their resilience to stress. One factor influencing this is personality traits as they influence the cognitive processing of stressful events, the appraisal (Lyons, Rench, Riffle & Schneider, 2011). Examining the Five Factor Model of Personality (Costa & McCrae, 1985), low levels of neuroticism has been shown to heighten reactivity which affects how major and minor life stressors are perceived (Suls, 2001). Armeli, Cohen and Gunthert (1999) support this by finding that people high in neuroticism

Aldwin & Revenson, 1987; Billings & Moos, 1981; DunkelSchetter, Feinstein, Taylor, & Falke, 1992). However, it was posited by Forsythe and Compas (1987) that emotion-focused coping may be more appropriate and effective than problem-focused coping when the stressor is uncontrollable. This is known as the 'goodness of fit' hypothesis. It was supported in a study (Terry & Hynes, 1998) investigating women's coping in relation to a failed IVF attempt, considered a 'lowcontrol stressor'. Problem-appraisal coping (a type of cognitive approach coping) and emotional approach coping were found to be more effective for reducing distress than either problem-management (behavioural approach) or escapist (emotional avoidance)

Coping skills. The invocation of coping skills to deal with the stressors is effective in the soldiers, which allows them to not be negatively impacted by traumatic stress (de Visser et al., 2016). It is considered normal to experience stress, and people should learn to utilize it effectively (de Visser et al., 2016). In firefighters, the coping skills associated with perceived social support has positive effect on them whereas coping skills developed based on self-guilt has negative affect in making them resilient to traumatic situations (Meyer et al, 2012).

Stress research and the framework in which personality is studied in relation to the coping process, has recently conceptualized in the ‘‘third generation’’ research (Ebstrup et al, 2011). The framework in regards to the third generation research refers to roles of personality in coping while maintaining strong operational distinctions between coping, personality appraisal, and adaptational outcomes. The issue that arises is that each patient’s tolerance for stress is different. Personality is a factor that is related to how a person handles many life changes and experiences. This relationship is between personality and coping leads to the

Responses range from no discomfort to extreme discomfort. The scores were summed to determine the level of symptomology. The higher the score on a measure the greater the feeling of distress. The somatization subscale (twelve items) includes bodily complaints such as headaches or nausea that are known to be correlated with anxiety and depression (Mirowsky and Ross 1989). The thirteenth symptoms (e.g. feeling blue) were known as the depression measure, ten in the anxiety measure (e.g., “feeling fearful”), and six in the hostility subscale “having urges to break things”). The sample tested .67 wives hostility to .87 husband and wives

Coping strategies refer to the specific efforts, both behavioral and psychological, that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce or minimize stressful events. There are two general coping strategies which have been distinguished. Problem-focused strategies are efforts to do something active to alleviate stressful circumstances, where as emotion-focused coping strategies involve efforts to regulate the emotional consequences of stressful or potentially stressful events. Typically, people use both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping in their stressful episodes, which suggests that both types of coping are useful for most stressful events (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980).

Everybody has at least one thing in common. Can you guess what it is? If you guessed, heartbreak, you’re right, but that’s not the answer I’m looking for. The correct answer is stress. Everyone has stress in his or her life at one point or another. It’s one of many inevitable parts of life. Whether it’s busting out a research paper for Psychology at the last minute, expecting your first child to be born, to making sure you’re up in time to catch the Saturday morning cartoons, it’s clearly evident that everyone goes through stress. The real question is, how is stress handled in our society? A person is defined by how they handle the stressors in their lives and how they overcome stressful moments. This paper will explore the aspects of

Discuss Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman’s and stress and coping paradigm and in view of this paradigm explain age and individual difference in the experience and handling of stress