Gender, Ethnicity, And Social Class

In the book “To Kill A Mockingbird”, Mayella Ewell is the conflict of the story. To challenge herself to see if she is powerful based on class, gender, and race. Mayella is powerful due to her race; however, she would not be powerful due to her class and gender. One might think she is powerful over all; however, she does not have power in the eyes of some readers. Proceeding on to see if Mayella has power in race.

In the “Imitation of Life” and in Nella Larsen’s novellas, Quicksand and Passing, the issue of passing is presented and developed. In Passing, regarding Irene, “She wished to find out about this hazardous business of ‘passing,’ this breaking away from all that was familiar and friendly to take one’s chances in another environment, not entirely strange, perhaps, but certainly not entirely friendly” (Larsen 157). Both versions of the film and both novellas portray black women who come face to face with the act of passing. In the 1934 version of the “Imitation of Life,” the film deals with passing in terms of a lighter skinned girl named Peola while in the 1959 version, the lighter skinned girl’s name is Sarah Jane. The issue of passing in the film and literature remains relevant in the parallels and experiences found amongst Helga Crane in Quicksand, Irene and Clare in Passing, and Peola and Sarah Jane in the film adaptations. The black female characters struggle with the perks and acceptance allotted through passing in white society and the appreciation and understanding of their racial backgrounds.

Race and gender are two important terms in society that define us. However, they lead to inequality among individuals. "Race is a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people" (Ferris and Stein 216). It is based off our biological makeup that distinct us from others (Ferris and Stein). Many people do not know the actual term of race, how deeply rooted it is, or where it derived from, but it all works in one form. Race goes a long way from how you may appear to someone. Just because someone looks a certain race does not mean they will not have inevitably biological material from other races. It is very diverse between many different populations. Race does not identify who you are but what social category you are from. Gender is how you physically appear in society. "Gender is the physical, behavior, and personality traits that a group considers to be normal, natural, right, and good for its male and female members" (Ferris and Stein 243). It is the identity of masculine and feminine. Gender identifies who we are and it reflects deeply on a person's personality. They normally change over time from the assigned sex given at birth. Society has its way of discriminating between race and gender and it shows differences distributed among individuals.

The Harlem Renaissance was a turning point for many African Americans. A vast amount of literature was created specifically for this group during this era. It was a period when the African American "was in vogue" and "white thinkers and writers were devoting a considerable amount of attention" to them (Taylor 91, 90). For the first time, African Americans were being told that it was okay to be proud of who they were. This new consciousness and self-awareness was prominent in many works of literate, but several writers began exploring the darker side of this movement with literature that concentrated on the negative aspects of race relations in America. Nella Larsen's novel Passing concentrates on this

Nella Larsen, a luminary of the Harlem Renaissance, explores the nature of racial identity and double-consciousness in her novella Passing. W.E.B Du Bois’s theory of double-consciousness is characterized in The Souls of Black Folk as a sense of “twoness,-- an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body” (Du Bois 2). Irene and Clare, Larsen’s novella’s primary characters, both lack a “dark body” which allows them to oscillate, by choice, between playing the part of the white “American” and the “Negro”. The appeal of racial passing lies in how it provides disenfranchised minorities access to otherwise unattainable

Irene’s strange attraction and jealousy toward Clare is reveal throughout the novel, which started at the Drayton Hotel. She felt a peculiar attraction when she saw Clare, “ an attractive-looking young woman… with those dark, almost black eyes and that wide mouth like a scarlet flower against the ivory of her sin” (14). Irene can’t help but be compel over her sexuality. In later assessing of Clare, Irene always go back to describe Clare with fascination, “the eyes were magnificent dark, sometimes

The narrative of Irene’s thoughts at this time about this stranger stress the anxiety she has about being discovered as a black woman and builds the tension leading to the uncanny moment. The uncanny moment occurs when “Suddenly her small fright increased. Her neighbor had risen and was coming towards her. What was going to happen now? Looking up at her, Irene’s suspicions and fears vanished”(Larsen 8). This moment follows Freud’s definition of uncanny because of it being a moment when Clare appears to be both familiar and unfamiliar to Irene. Clare is familiar in the sense that they were childhood friends, though also unfamiliar because Irene does not know who she is as an adult or her current lifestyle. This moment can also be defined as “the uncanny is that class of the terrifying which leads back to something long known to us, once very familiar”(Freud 1). In this case from a psychoanalytical perspective it suggests that Irene and Clare have a complicated history in which Larsen leaves it open for interpretation. Irene describes Clare in the first couple pages as “catlike” and reminisces about the day when Clare’s father passed away, then suddenly she cuts off her train of thought with “And how deliberately she had-”(Larsen 3). Perhaps Clare had done something to Irene in the past, which

Nella Larsen’s 1929 novel, Passing, is the story of two African American women, Irene Redfield and Clare Kendry, living in New York in the 1920’s. However, the two women are African American by ancestry rather than outward appearance because both possess light enough skin to be able to pass for white. African Americans passing as white was a common occurrence in post-Civil War America. Passing concerns itself with themes of identity, race, belonging, and oppression, yet Larsen muddles the conventional ideas of identity. Skin color is no longer an accurate measure of race, thus the concept of American space acting as a defining aspect of race and identity is central to this novel. Although this novel is fictitious, a close reading of Passing illuminates the cultural normatives of 1920’s America and disproves common misnomers about life for African Americans during this time. Furthermore, when focusing specifically on Larsen’s treatment of American space in the novel it becomes clear that there was no true place refuge for African Americans living in the United States during this time, not even one’s own home.

In the book Passing, by Nella Larsen, the main characters, Irene and Clare, are light-skinned African Americans living in 1920s Harlem. Because of their light-skin privilege, they can “pass” for white in certain social situations or permanently. The book points out how flawed American society is because race is just used to degrade people so they feel the need to reject their heritage so they can receive more opportunities. Nella Larsen uses vague narration and ambiguous plot lines in her book, Passing, to reflect the misconceptions of race by American society and destroy all the ideas about categorization.

Larsen’s style is a tricky one; in Passing, Larsen’s narration is highly unreliable. Told from the viewpoint of Irene, many aspects are skewed, especially in regards to Clare. In the beginning of the novel, Irene recalls events from Clare’s childhood: “Irene Redfield seemed to see a pale small girl sitting on a ragged blue sofa, sewing pieces of bright red cloth together, while her drunken father…raged threateningly up and down the shabby room, bellowing curses and making spasmodic lunges at her…” (9), yet later she remembers Clare being “selfish, and cold, and hard” (10). If the reader looks past the bias, we see that Clare’s life has been especially difficult and that Irene’s strange dislike for her is completely unwarranted. Larsen’s style

Racial identity is an important concept that everyone must deal with in their life. It is an individual’s sense of having their identity be defined by belonging to a race and or ethnic group. How strong the identity is depending on how much the individual has processed and internalized the sociological, political, and other factors within the group. In some instances, people do not identify with their race and they will “pass” as another. Nella Larsen, an African American writer and prominent member of the Harlem Renaissance movement, she explores the consequences of “passing”. Larsen’s Passing is a novel that challenges the concept of ethnicity, race and gender while revolutionizing the idea of what we describe as identity. The novel explores the issue of race through vivid plotting that depicts a mentally touching story of affecting boundaries in the early American society. The novel also explores the effects of racial construction on a person through multiple levels. Through Larsen’s characterization and setting she is able to bring out the social construction of race in an enjoyable and educated format in which race, class distinction and identity themes are intertwined. Larsen herself often struggles with identity, as she grew up being raised by an all-white household after her father, a black West Indian, disappeared from her life. Larsen depicts the theme of racial identity by using two women characters, both of which are attractive, and are “light” enough to be able

Throughout the book Passing by Nella Larsen, we see an unusual relationship developing between Clare and Irene, which differs from relationships between men and men, and men and women. The two are evidently envious and catty towards each other, but what is not plainly visible about this jealous, malicious relationship, is that it generates an erotic attraction between the women. These two women are attracted to each other not by love, but by hatred, a type of relationship that completely deviates from the standard. When Brian, Irene’s husband, grows aware of this attraction and its origins, it draws him away from Irene, right into Clare’s hands, not because of Irene’s reason that he wants to learn of “the other” perspective, but because he’s

Irene wants to control her relationship with Clare and seems frustrated as she loses control when Clare is around. One occasion, Irene tries hard not to accept Clare’s invitation to meet her but ends up going. Later, Irene’s anger goes away just by the power of Clare’s smile, "And under her potent smile a part of Irene's annoyance with herself fled”. This constant loose of power makes Irene vulnerable and the possible affair between Clare and Brian gives Irene a motive for hating her instead of admitting her lesbianism and losing the life she has worked so hard to build.

Race, gender and class defines our experience. Studies have shown that, even though, these three aspects define who we are, they are interwoven. Each of these three aspects affects our decisions which could be either positive or negative. Class, race and gender as an individual is determined by our parents and If any of these changes, it would automatically change every aspect of the individual.

How you do in school, your social ability, and your awareness of others are all guided by how you identify. Identification in one’s gender, race, religion, social class, and ethnicity are all driving forces behind your future self. Identity is a crucial part of who you are, and in recent studies and experimentation researchers have been trying to identify new, untested factors that influence behavior in people. Although, in the past there hasn’t been a strong focus on the positive and negative effects of race and ethnicity, the conversation is now shifting to align itself with the current times. With America becoming increasingly more ethnically and racially diverse, we must take the time to see how certain factors, specifically race and ethnicity, impact a person’s development and behavior.