Gene Mutation : A Sequence Of Numbers

Women who are at the greatest risk are over the age over the age of fifty years of age. Patients with a family history of cancer, especially in their first degree relatives, may have inherited mutations of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genetic mutations that put patients are risk for cancer. Patients that have a history of breast cancer are five times more likely of developing cancer in the opposite breast. Patients with dense breast are at risk for developing breast cancer due to the fact dense breast contains more glandular and connective tissue. Patients who are exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation to the thorax, early menarche, tobacco use, nulliparity, late menopause, and first child birth after thirty years of age put the patient at risk for breast cancer (Ignatavicius, 2013, p.

This examination compiled the following information: Grandmother “C” has BRCA1 trait resulting in double mastectomy at age 35, prior to diagnosis Grandmother “C” only medical condition was hypertension,. Mother “M” information was obtained. Mother "M" provided the

Breast cancer is the most common cancer that affects women in the United States. There are at least two majors genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that when they mutate can cause breast cancer. These genes can be passed from parent to child, increasing the risk of developing cancer in those child that have parent carrying these genes. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are located on chromosome 17 and chromosome 13 respectively. There is a 90% chance of developing breast cancer for a woman that has these mutated genes. In contrast, men carrying BRCA1 have no risk to develop breast cancer, but those carrying BRCA2 genes have high risk. It is important to note that mutations in these genes can be passed on to children by either parent. A man with a mutation is just

BRCA 1 can help predict cancer, as it is a mutation in the cell layers. It is a human tumor suppressor gene, which is found in every human. It acts as a protector against furthering steps of cancer, and if it mutates or changes, it will lead to cancer. People can have their BRCA genes tested, and see if they have the precursor to cancer. According to a study done by the National Cancer Institute, if you have an abnormal BRCA1 gene, there is a 60% chance of it evolving to cancer over that person’s lifetime. Restating the definition of Sociological Imagination, it means the ability to connect basic aspects to more impersonal historic forces. Using your sociological imagination, history has shown that most people who develop breast

Braca 1 is a mutation for breast cancer, which brings the percentage to a higher rate of getting the disease and getting it at a much younger age for men and women.

A mutation is any type of alteration or change in DNA. There are many types of mutations that can occur. Depurination and deamination are common mutations that happen spontaneously. Depurination is a hydrolysis reaction that leads to the loss of purines in DNA. Deamination is also a hydrolysis reaction, and the cause of this reaction is an amino group gets detached. These types of mutations cause an alteration in the base sequence of amino acids and also effect the way a gene reads a protein. Another cause of DNA mutations may be environmental elements such as: chemicals or radiation. (pg. 567) A common chemical that is a mutagen is cigarettes and a example of

With three members of my family having breast cancer, it is believed that getting genes tested for mutations would be a intelligent decision. Due to breast cancer being a common disease in my family I decided to investigate scenario three into further detail. I feel it would be beneficial to get my genes tested to determine if I have a chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the future.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 share a lot of similarities. BRCA2 is also a cause for hereditary breast cancer and is also responsible for tumor suppressor proteins. BRCA2 is located on chromosome thirteen. BRCA2 can repair breaks within DNA, such as DSBs and can regulate cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is a process during cell division where the cytoplasm, the fluid inside the cells that is enclosed by the cell membrane, of one parent cells splits into two daughter cells. BRCA2 mutations are more commonly found in people of Jewish and French-Canadian backgrounds.

“Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is an inherited tendency to develop breast, ovarian and other cancers. Inherited conditions are passed to an individual through their blood relatives. Although most cancers are not inherited, about 5% of people who have breast cancer and about 10% of women who have ovarian cancer have HBOC” (Patient Education Online, 2013). “HBOC is caused by an inherited change in a gene, called a mutation. The majority of HBOC is due to a mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes” (Patient Education Online, 2013). There are many risks for people with HBOC. These risks include having a higher risk of getting breast cancer (40% to 87% lifetime risk), a higher than usual risk of breast cancer before age

Most cases of inherited breast cancer are associated with mutations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Some evidence suggests that the age at which people are diagnosed with heredity breast and ovarian cancer continues to be younger in each succeeding generation of women with the mutation on the BRCA1/BRAC2 genes. The researchers are interested in discovering if that is occurring due to genetic anticipation, meaning that the disease onsets at a younger age due to a change in the mutation, or if it is occurring due to other factors such as environmental factors or sampling error.

BRCA1 is a gene that produces tumor suppression proteins which play critical roles in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint control, and maintenance of genomic stability. Inherited mutated BRCA1 causes DNA damage to not be repaired properly and these cells can then form genetic alterations leading to female breast cancer (Easton 1999). Breast cancer is a disease where malignant cancer cells form in the tissue of the breast and invade surrounding tissues and spread.

If didn't have any mutations our organisms wouldn't be able to evolve. Inherited mutations are important because of the source of genetic variation within a species. But not all mutations matter to the evolution of a species because not all mutations can be inherited. For an example if a mutation initially occurs in the DNA of a body cell it doesn't involved in the production of gametes and that mutation can't be inherited by the offspring. Another example is if the mutations that occur in the DNA of skin or muscle cells won't be passed on to the offspring but the mutations that initiate in the sperm or egg cells can be passed

I believe this scenario is slightly simplistic, as I am not aware that the BRCA1 gene mutation only has implications for developing breast and/or ovarian cancer, and has no other synergistic effect on other disease causation. We can have many genetic factors which may predispose us to a particular disease, but

For those who may inherit one copy of BRCA, they get a higher chance of getting cancer because they only need one more mutated BRCA to develop cancer.

Among the most common diseases affecting the female population, breast cancer develops in one of every eight American women. This means that almost 200,000 women suffer from the disease each year. Doctors would advise women to take necessary precautions, such as routine surveillance, in order to ensure a life without obtaining this disease prior to understanding any genetic linkage of breast cancer. Although many external factors contribute to breast cancer, current investigations reveal that five to ten percent of these cases may be attributed to genetic inheritance (Lynch, 1999). This knowledge, an ingenious finding by Mary-Claire King in 1990, linked breast cancer to the long-arm of