Genes : ZK1225. 1, And C. Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans, a type of free-living nematode that is found in soil, is the subject matter for this experiment (Marsh). C. elegans allow for an exceptional model organism because it is easily raised in the laboratory setting, it reproduces rapidly, has a short life cycle of 3 days where it develops from egg to adult worm, only 1.3mm in length, and although only having 959 somatic cells, it shares many characteristics with other multicellular organisms like having organs and a nervous system (Kaletta). These nematodes can either be a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite where each animal produces both sperm and egg, or they can be males that will mate with the hermaphrodites (Brenner). When a hermaphrodite self-fertilizes, the chance of having a male being produced is extremely low at just 0.1%, however, when a hermaphrodite is fertilized by a male, the ratio of males to hermaphrodites is generally equal making it 1:1 (Altun).

The C. elegans were washed several times once a week for several weeks. After the final wash for each week, a small amount of C. elegans was pipetted to the middle of each plate (3 experimental plates and 1 control plate). After all the passages for the C. elegans were completed, the three avoidance assay plates were set up. (A small amount of S. marcerens was pipetted on one side of each assay plate while a small

C. elegans wild sort creatures were raised at 20°C to make synchronized societies and kept up at 20°C for the duration of their lives. Grown-ups were raised on NGM plates with live E. coli OP50-1 and exchanged each 2– 3 days while they were regenerative. Neurotransmitters were analyzed for the most part from the nerve ring and ventral ganglion in a few creatures for every treatment assemble that were altogether settled by comparative techniques. The characters of the cells making specific neural connections were not recognized. In past mutant examinations influencing vesicle reusing at concoction neural connections, we watched that the shape and size of individual neurotransmitters is very adaptable, and that neurotransmitters holding littler quantities of vesicles for

All throughout the body, cells are reproducing then dying. It is a part of life in which we maintain homeostasis. This is what scientists know as programmed cell death. The cell turnover within the body depends on what type of cell and what it is used for. These mechanisms take place over and over within the bodies of many animals, including humans. In fact, human began life as just “one fertilized egg cell.” Genetic regulation of programmed cell death and organ development was a concern for Sydney Brenner, Robert Horvitz, and John Sulston. Their scientific discoveries have enhanced biological and medical research by allowing scientists to understand how these processes are regulated. In this essay I will explore Caenorhabditis elegans, cell lineage, and programmed cell death in which the article goes in depth with.

Worms produces small reaction when they are alive. However, after death of adult worm, a granulomatous reaction started (Dreyer et al., 2000; Figueredo-Silva et al., 2002)

Working as a Research Assistant at the Piano Laboratory, I have an interest in developmental biology. At the Piano Lab, I assist my mentor, Patricia Giselle Cipriani, and her project on the usage of RNAi on ovary-expressed genes and of time-lapse microscopy in order to better understand a comprehensive molecular description of the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms behind early embryogenesis in C. elegans. From the data obtained from the RNAi tests, gene clusters based on the phenotypic analysis are created in order to investigate the functional analysis of the genome and molecular dissection of specific cellular processes. My role in the laboratory is to identify and verify the locations of single polymorphisms in mutants and then perform gel electrophoresis to verify mutations before sequencing. In the process, I also learned basic microscopy and worm-handling skills.

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode worm that is used in a lab for research. This is because it enables researchers to use a simpler model of an organism without using humans themselves. The life cycle of a nematode worm is about three days (Hartwell 2011). It includes stages of the embryo, the L1 larva, L2 larva, L3 larva, the L4 larva, and the adult. The stages are the different molts and these are the growing of different cuticles and shedding the older ones (Hartwell 2011). This allows adaptation to occur and the processes to function normally. There are two types of adults and they include hermaphrodite and males. Hermaphrodites are usually females and they contain the male and female gametes of the organism. This also allows the hermaphrodites

Worm-star assay: Staged adult animals will be washed in M9 buffer three times to remove residual bacteria. Approximately 10,000 animals will then be incubated for three hours at room temperature in 5 ml M9 buffer (without OP50 bacteria) in 100 mm petri dishes tilted at a slight angle to concentrate animals in a single area of the plate. The number of animals in worm-star aggregations, clusters of two or more animals entangled at their tails, will be quantified by visual inspection using a dissecting microscope. (Schultz 2014)

First we will induce beta amyloid expression in the C. elegans and then quantify paralysis time. Then the worms will be run on a series of assays, testing for arginine levels, arginase levels, and NOS levels. We will then test to see if DFMO given before heat shock or after heat shock will inhibit expression at a greater level. Whichever one works best we will then do the assays again. We hypothesize that giving C. elegans a dose of DFMO prior to the heat shock will lead to less if not totally inhibiting expression of beta-amyloids after the heat shock as well as increased levels of arginine, and decreased levels of arginase and

The brains of humans and other mammals possess a compensatory mechanism, which is known as cross-modal plasticity and, prior to this study, it was thought to only be associated with complex organisms (Hebrew, 2016). Cross-modal plasticity allows the enhancement of one or multiple senses following the loss of another sensory input. For example, if one were to lose his or her eyesight, his or her hearing or sense of smell might increase in sensitivity and ability. The roundworm C. elegans was a perfect specimen to study, as its nervous system is far less complex compared to humans. The researchers mutated the worms and eliminated their sense of touch. As a result, C. elegans developed an enhanced olfaction, so they responded more frequently to low concentrations of certain odors, such as those of food (Rabinowitch et al., 2016). This change in sensitivity was measured by how quickly the worms returned to their food supply after being removed from it and comparing the results to non-mutated worms (Rabinowitch et al.,

The aim of this project is to assay the physiological roles, the function of grp170a in C. elegans and to assay whether the function of GRP170 is conserved throughout all eukaryotes by preforming a phenotypic rescue of grp170a

Its larvae are also able to release trehalose in response to a lack of water, to prevent complete dehydration, and have been shown to stay alive even after losing the majority of water in its body [C. Erkut et al]. Even though trehalose is of great importance to survival in these nematode worms, especially during periods of water shortages, studies have shown that a lack of this sugar does not have any degenerative effects on the development of the larvae as they progress into adulthood [F.I. Pelleronea et al]. It has, however, been thought to increase their longevity - if the nematodes were treated with trehalose during their early development, they generally had a longer lifespan in comparison to worms who had not been treated with the sugar [Honda Y. et al]. The nematodes and tardigrades are invertebrates within the taxonomic group Ecdysozoa, and the fact that they both use trehalose as an adaptation may suggest that they share common ancestor and an evolutionary link. Therefore, it could potentially provide an explanation as to why the two groups of organisms are so well adapted to coping with the extreme water

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) are transparent roundworm, that range about 1mm in length and lack a respiratory and circulatory system. C. elegans is a model organism in genetics, its short life cycle, ease of cultivation, small size, and high cell number and development makes it an easy animal to use in experiments (International Journal of Molecular Science). In this experiment, two strains of worms will be used. Virgin hermaphrodite and him-8 males, which will be the wildtype. Him-8 strain is being use in this experiment because this gene has an increased rate of X-chromosomes, giving a forty percent change of producing male and sixty percent chance of hermaphrodite. This will help produce wildtype and mutant genes in the genetic offspring of the two. Hermaphrodites can be distinguishing from the male counterpart because they have wispy threadlike structure for their tail, whereas male have a blunt-end tail. (C. elegans as a genetic organism) The tails are a great way in telling the difference between these two mutant strain. When crossing these two strain together, the hypothesis that was made would be that we would find more male mutation of an offspring because the male strain is a more recessive gene trait. Dumpy A with a phenotype of dyp-10, this affects body shape and movement, causing the worm to be half of the normal length but the same width, which causes a stumpy effect.

Since we have established the working model for starvation based modulation we wanted to confirm it using molecular techniques. Firstly, we wanted to check the levels of relative gene expression of a few important genes between starved and non-starved larvae. We performed qRT-PCR analysis with larval whole heads. We looked at relative expression levels of these genes: Orco, GAD1, GABA (A) receptor, GABA (B) receptor R1, GABA (B) receptor R2 and GABA (B) receptor R3. We haven’t found any significant difference between starved and non-starved larvae for all the genes above except Orco. The relative gene expression of Orco was significantly much higher in the case of non-starved condition. Since qRT-PCR analysis was done for

Therefore, the reason for my experiment is to see how adding fertilizer may affect C. elegans. This research is important because, if we don’t know what happens if we add fertilizer to C. elegans environment, then we can potentially be killing them. Therefore, if we are killing the C. elegans, then we are killing the environment itself. My hypothesis on this experiment is that NPK fertilizer will affect C. elegans negatively, causing them to decrease in motion and repel from the fertilizer.