In the realm of ancient western literature, the nature of and relationship among men, women and the divine is often times manifested through the sinfulness of men, the diminishment of women’s value, and the rightfulness of the divine. One such case is Genesis 19 and Judges 19 of the Hebrew Bible, two similar narratives about rape. From a modern biblical point of view, the writers of Judges 19 deliberately situated the characters in similar positions as those in Genesis 19, but included their own telling on women’s destiny to illustrate how women are treated different societies. The two narratives together explain that men are sinful toward women if not for divine intervention. In particular, the narratives’ contrasting endings show that women …show more content…
The townspeople in both stories demand to rape not only the women of the household, but also the foreign guest(s). Such gruesome acts of sexual assault are often recognized as crimes against humanity, and reflect poorly on these men’s character. Beyond the townspeople, even the seemingly innocent bystanders, Lot, Levite, and the host, act immorally in the stories. Lot, the owner of the house, offers his own virgin daughters to the mob in exchange for them not raping his guest. In Levenson’s translation, after knowing the mob’s evil intention, Lot stated, “Look, I have two daughters who have not known a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you may do to them as you please.” Although his daughters are saved by the angels, the fact that Lot is willing to embrace rape is morally wrong. Similarly, in Judges 19, the Levite fails to intervene as the mob raped his concubine all night, and show no empathy after discovering her body. When he sees his concubine “…lying at the entrance of the house, with her hands on the threshold”, the man simply said “Get up,” and “let us go.” As opposed to caring for her health and safety. Failure to stand up against violence and neglect one’s own woman makes the Levite sinful as well. Just like that, in both narratives, the hosts offered women as an alternative for the mob’s pleasure, and the supposed legal protectors of the women fail to act. In this manner, the stories tell …show more content…
Although in both narratives the men treated women as properties, the ultimate fate of the women differs significantly. The men’s sin is stopped in Genesis 19 by the angels while the concubine was ruthlessly raped in Judges 19. To examine the endings, I need to first contrast the the nature of the Book of Genesis with that of Judges. According to The Jewish Study Bible by Jon D. Levenson, Genesis is a book about “the beginnings”, and presents its ideas on “the relationship of God to the human race in general”. Stories in Genesis tend to focus on a world where the divine influences, supervises, and punishes human activities. In this way, the weak and vulnerable individuals are oftentimes protected by God. On the other hand, the Book of Judges shifts the central character from God to the “judges”, leaders of Israelite tribes during a period of crisis. This time period has no laws, no accountability, and no righteous authority constantly overseeing the population. The Book of Judges thus has a “recurrent theme of sin, punishment, and rescue”, displaying the “inefficient of judges” and the necessity of divine supervision. The story of Judges 19, in particular, occurs after the death of Samson when Israel was without a judge. This is a state of chaos where protection of the weak ceases to exist. Genesis 19 and Judges 19, in this way, depicts human race under different divine environment.
Poverty and hardship are shown to create vulnerability in female characters, particularly the female servants, allowing powerful men to manipulate and sexually abuse them. Kent illustrates how poverty perpetuates maltreatment and abuse in a society like Burial Rites using the characters of Agnes’ mother Ingveldur and Agnes. Agnes’ mother is forced to make invidious choices as her children are “lugged along” from farm to farm, where she is sexually exploited by her employers. In spite of these circumstances, Agnes’ mother is commonly referred to as a whore in their society which abhors female promiscuity yet disregards male promiscuity as a harmless character trait; as in the case of Natan, who is merely “indiscreet” despite all his philandering. Born into poverty, Agnes experiences similar sexual coercion and manipulation from her “masters” and yet is labelled “a woman who is loose with her emotions and looser with her morals”. The severe poverty of Agnes is explicitly demonstrated to the reader by Kent through the intertextual reference of her entire belongings - a very dismal, piteous list to be “sold if a decent offer is presented”. Furthermore, Kent contrasts the situation of Agnes, a “landless workmaid raised on a porridge of moss and poverty”, to the comparative security Steina has experienced using a rhetorical question from
Towards the end of ‘On the Equality of the Sexes’, Murray specifically invokes the story of Adam and Eve, a story used for centuries to depict women as the sinners, to turn the argument against itself and argue that Adam, or the men, are the real sinners in the Bible, as Adam knowingly breaks the rules while Eve was innocently deceived by the serpent. “Adam could not plead the same deception,” says Murray, “nor ought we to admire his superiour strength, or wonder at his sagacity”, implying that people overestimate the skills of men while dismissing the intellect of women as commonplace. The bigger takeaway from Murray’s invocation of Adam and Eve is that it shows the audience that she is trying to make her argument more relatable by putting gender equality in the framework of the Bible, a piece of work that was not only a religious text, but a way of life for most people in Murray’s time. By analyzing the Bible through a feminist lens and swapping the roles of Adam and Eve, Murray saved women’s reputation as the repenting sinners, but in mentioning the Bible to justify her point, Murray ultimately retreats back to the practice of relying on others’ words to make her ideas worthy of public consumption.
“Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. - Matthew 6:9. The idea of “God the father” is one that is rooted deep in our society predominantly the ways in which it rejoices men. The almighty all and powerful God is outlined as a male figure in the bible, constructed using almost entirely masculine language. This simple fact has provoked men to assume the position of authority, to oversee over his family. This simple fact leads to an imbalance of power between men and women subconsciously oppressing women within our society. In Mary Daly’s “After the Death of God the Father,” Mary explains how the Judeo-Christian culture has served to bring structure to a sexually imbalanced man driven culture." This male-controlled society has its establishments in the most discernible parts of Christianity.” Mary’s work is a continuation of what is known as “The women's liberation movement” furthering the conversation of societies hold on a woman and bringing change. In this critical evaluation of Mary Daly's work, I will discuss the thesis and argument of the reading, along with an analysis of its assumptions and implications.
This article begins with a controversial belief that the Bible is hostile to women. Bringing to light the creation and fall of Genesis, and how it shows weakness in women. The main point of this article is to reread and understand the stories. Thus disproving both feminist and yahwist beliefs. Adham, Phyllis uses defines this term as a word with androgynous meaning, showing that it was not one person rather one identity which incorporates 2 sexes. Phyllis then pulls up another point showing that while most think Eve coming second was a bad thing, she views it as a “climax” of the story . The point of Phyllis Trible’s article is not to show dominance of women rather equality. She does this by delving into the original scripture and breaking it down. In class Mr. McCormack had discussed how translations of the bible are very difficult, this is important because the creation stories are full of translation misconceptions . I will also delve into historical and geographical contexts . The creation stories are not a literal translation, people often do not delve
In the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Genesis and the Greek play Medea, by Euripides, contain female characters that can be seen as complex and have significance and meaning in the text. There are many interpretations involving the female characters, some characters may be portrayed as weak and irrational or strong-willed and wise. I will argue that, women are portrayed in the Hebrew Bible and Medea as irrational and senseless, in order for the men to be portrayed as superior and for women to be seen as inferior. This idea of the female characters being irrational and senseless can be seen in Genesis 4, Genesis 18, Genesis 29, and throughout the Medea play.
The Hebrew prophets are filled with varied imagery and language, from the colorful language of the visions Ezekiel’s Temple (Ez. 40-48), to the literary techniques of judgement oracles (Isa. 13), to the laments of Jeremiah (Jer. 12). However, no other rhetorical device should cause its audiences, both original and modern, to squirm with discomfort more than the prophetic metaphors that speak negatively of feminine sexuality and propagate misogynistic abuse towards women. These metaphors, graphic and violent, often portray the people of Israel as dishonored, sexually promiscuous women who have shamed their husbands. As an African-American woman and Old Testament scholar, Renita J. Weems deals with these difficult metaphors to understand
Upon losing the election to become the 45th president of the United States, Hillary Clinton gave a concession speech and told “all the little girls who are watching this...never doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and to achieve your own dreams” (Clinton). While Candidate Hillary Clinton said these girls are “deserving of every chance,” our society may prove otherwise. Although women today are no longer denied basic rights such as voting, our patriarchal society still sets up barriers, which limit a woman’s ability to be considered equal to a man. Here, “equal” would be defined as being perceived in the same light for equal opportunities and outcomes. Similarly, Christian women today are not limited in the same ways they were in early Christianity; however, the Bible still presents women in subalternate roles, compared to men. In American society today, there are double standards in the way men and women are perceived that date back to “traditional” Biblical expectations of women being subservient to men.
Since the dawn of the Patriarchy there has been a very apparent attack on women and what it means to be a woman (Daly 44-45). This popular theory of misogyny in the Western world first surfaced in 1973 when radical feminist Mary Daly published “Beyond God and the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation (Daly 44-45).” Within the pages of Daly’s book lies controversial attacks of biblical text, more specifically the story of Adam of Eve alongside a call for action for women and men to undo the brainwashing that years of conditioning has caused them (Daly 44-45).
To begin with, she pointed out examples of how women are treated unfairly in society. She began to point out several double standards. The wife states, “about accused Lamech’s bigamy? Abraham was a holy man I know, And as I understand it Jacob also; And each of them had wives now, more than one, as many other holy men have done.” (61-65) Here, she shows that there is truly a double standard for women who behave in an exact manner as men.
as seeing with the eyes of society which is falsely assumed to be in a
“Israel’s Bible begins with an extended look at the world prior to Israel instead of assuming that the world began when it came to be.” “Gen 2-9 is introduced by Gen 1 and carried forward by Gen 10-11. Gen 1-11 then is a single story, an unusually sustained “philosophical” and “theological” explanation,” explaining our relationship with God, our flaws and destiny and religious institutions.
The first book of the Hebrew bible, Genesis, tells the story of how an all powerful God created the Earth and all who inhabit it. The story is quite familiar even to those who do not belong to regions that utilize the hebrew bible. However, the story quickly becomes unfamiliar once the story is analyzed from a philosophical standpoint. A great example is Eve, people know her as the one who “disobeyed” God and is the first to sin. But, why is Eve often interpreted as the evil one? Why is she criticized for being the
Suzanne Edwards states the tale “refuses the ambiguities of the medieval regulation of sexual violence” there was no difference in a violent attack where a woman was raped by a stranger or acquaintance and the forced sex of her marital partner (3). However, there was a legal difference since a woman was the property of her husband; he could do whatever he wished to her short of murdering her.
The following essay I will be conducting an exegesis of Genesis 3; 1-12 in its ancient and modern context. I will be analysing themes that run throughout the text and the importance of these themes in identifying the meaning of this passage. Genesis 3 revolves around the fall of creation, in this essay I will analysing the fall and the roles the characters play in the fall and evaluate the fall of humanity and the implications this has modern society.
The Bible is controversial on the matter of gender equality. There are numerous contradictions about the status of women in Christian society. Historically, the most prominent interpretation has been rather negative toward women. The Christian Church, with principally male authority, emphasizes the idea that women are inferior to man. They focus on Eve’s sin leading to a punishment that “her husband will have authority over her.” (Drury, 34)