Genetic Analysis : Genomics And Genome Sequencing Branched Out From The Modern Genetics Field Of Biology

The HGP was a 13-year long project started in 1990 with the objective of determining the entire human euchromatic genome sequence. It was a public funded project and the goal was to complete the project within 15 years. Since its inception, the project had been met with scepticism from scientists and commoners alike. One significant doubt was whether the astounding expenditure of the project would outweigh the potential benefits from it. However, the incredible success of the HGP became apparent very soon after completion. Not only did it mark the beginning of a new era in medicine, it also made significant development in the various techniques that can be used for DNA sequencing. This publicly funded, $3 billion project began formally in 1990, under the co-ordinated effort of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and National Institutes of Health (NIH). Although destined to be completed in 15 years, rapid technological development accelerated the completion date to 2003.

Today we live in a very technologically advanced society. Scientists are continually discovering new things about the world and the way things work. "In the 1980ís, it was becoming increasingly apparent to many scientists that an understanding of basic biology would be greatly enhanced if the detailed structure of DNA was understood" (Mehlman, 1998). Thus began what has become know as The Human Genome Project which is "the mapping of all our

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries the instructions for reproduction, growth, development, and functioning for all known living organisms.

DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the basic structure for all life, it is the blueprint, the instruction manual, on how to build a living organism. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by sugar-phosphate bonds. Through a process called Protein Synthesis, the nitrogen bases are the code for the creation of amino acids. Essentially, DNA makes amino acids, amino acids make proteins, proteins make organisms. This process has been taking place for much longer than scientists have been able to document. Those scientists are called geneticists and their field is genetics.

DNA is an abbreviation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid- a compound carries the genetic coding information for active growth and development of organisms. DNA is a macromolecule made up of genetic material of the cell and includes genetic information for the production of proteins necessary for the body as well as to determine the nature of a person. Similarly, DNA consists of small nucleotide sequences, repetitive, is known for their great diversity in the community. Some repetitive sequences known as STRs (Short Tandem (nucleotides) Repeat) can be used for determining the identity of people through their genetic profile.

Deoxyribonucleic acid also known as DNA is a molecule that carries our genetic code. DNA has four bases. The four bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. DNA could be found in organisms, humans and the cell's nucleus. The human genome is a set made up of the nucleic acid sequence. In the human genome it contains both coding DNA (protein coding DNA and noncoding DNA). A genetic mutation can occur when outside chemicals start to interfere. A mutation can cause a genetic disease.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains all the genetic information about a person. It’s the instructions for the body’s entire genetic makeup. DNA is unique to each individual person. A person has the same DNA throughout his entire body, and it’s located in every cell. Cells are the basic building blocks of all people.

These advances have only been attainable through a considerable amount research and experimentation. Technological advances have impacted the productivity of researching and altering the structure of DNA as well. Scientists studying “molecular biology, biochemistry, math, computer science, engineering, and the health care industry worked together to turn what began in 1985… into an international scientific consortium… known as the Human Genome Project, begun in 1989” (Carroll and Ciaffa). The Human Genome Project is a scientific research project. The goal of this project is determining the sequence of human DNA and mapping the genes of the human genome. “Computer generated analysis tools designed specifically to understand the significance of the base sequence in this large macromolecule have aided the Human Genome Project tremendously” (Carroll and Ciaffa). New technologies have made it possible to create tools specifically for the use of gene research. That is to say that without the technological breakthroughs we have made, genetic research would be far less

For starters, DNA is considered the messiah of genetic information leading most aspects of inheritance and phenotypes. For example, DNA is made up of chromosomes which contain specific genes on a specific location known as a locus (Biology 224). Since half of the chromosomes are inherited from each parent, the results are having half of one’s genes from mom and the other from dad. This genetic information is encoded within DNA which leads into the study of alleles. Alleles are alternative forms of genes, containing an alternative DNA sequence or genotype that will ultimately code for various phenotypes. For example, there could be an allele for brown hair or an allele for blonde hair, but the alleles are still coding for hair color just different colors.

DNA (also known as deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acid; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates

The technical aspects of the genome project are relatively complex and still have issues to resolve. The Human Genome Projects goal is to produce a highly accurate reference sequence of the human genome. The human genome is composed of a single compound, DNA. DNA is basically just a sequence of different base pairs, adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, which are arranged in a double helix structure. Their purpose is to direct cell function and ultimately tissue differentiation. The DNA makes an organism what it is by directing the development of the body, including distinguishing characteristics and biochemical processes. The goal of the project is to sequence this sequence of DNA so that a map of it may be produced that shows the location and arrangement of all of the base pairs present in a human being. The level of accuracy of the DNA sample is 1 error in 10,000 base pairs.(1) The sample should be largely continuous across each human chromosome. The vast majority of human DNA is similar from individual to individual with differences occurring only at specific areas. The project plans to map 80,000 human genes to specific chromosomal location prior to it's completion. When the American genome project was formed the question of how to obtain a representative sample was raised. The decision was made that a DNA sample would be obtained from four individuals. This was further complicated when it was found that the DNA came

A genome is all the DNA in an organism, including it’s genes. Genes carry information for making all the proteins required by all organisms. These proteins determine, among other things, how the organism looks, acts, processes and fights infections.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. In every person’s body, DNA is identical in all the cells. Usually DNA is located in the cell’s nucleus, but a small amount of DNA can be found in the mitochondria part of the cell where it’s known as mtDNA, or mitochondrial DNA. The rate of mutation is higher in nucleic, the mtDNA is used to cut cell wall (phospholipid), ATL, and Protein K (enzyme). The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four basses: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. The sequences of these bases determine the information available for building and maintaining an organism. The differences between individuals within and among species are mainly the result of differences in the DNA sequences that constitute the genes in their genomes. The genetic information coded in DNA is largely responsible for determining the structure, function, and development of the cell and the organism

By the year 1994, there were more than 130 people working to unravel the genetic basis of human life. The Sanger Institute’s first goals were to map the genome of the nematode worm, two yeasts, and 1/6th of the human genome. 1996 and 98 were when these sequences were successfully completed. Research continued to flourish, sequencing the first pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and completed 36 million bases of the human DNA sequence which quickly shot up to 90 million pairs. The UK, most definitely made the single largest contribution to the Human Genome Project. Sequence information is placed in the public domain as quickly as possible to ensure to constant proliferation of research. The UK also holds the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, which provides a supportive and collaborative environment for all its staff and students, nurturing their intellectual, technical and personal development. Being one of the founders of genomic research, the UK feels qualified to help lead the rest of the world into a molecular-based future.

In high school we have learned about that gene is the basic unit to control biological traits, genetic information is recorded biological procreation. Different information recorded in different genes, gene can be changed by modifying some or all of the features of an organism. After entering the university, after the completion of the study a semester general biology, although not yet talked about the genetic aspects of the content, but for the interest in this part of the simple read a bit. I learned the different DNA sequences have different functions on genetic aspects of technology, there are many. Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, such as mankind has entered a new era of gene.