Genetic Distance Lab Report

PCR is a technique used in laboratories to “amplify a single or few copies of a segment of DNA” (Science Direct, 2017). An example of what can be discovered using PCR is the Alu repeat, which is performed by DNA amplification. The Alu repeat is a “repetitive element of a DNA sequence that is repeated almost 500,000 times throughout the human genome” (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Chromosome 16: PV92 PCR). The Alu sequence is seen in population genetics, which is a “field of biology that studies the genetic composition of biological populations and changes in genetic composition that result from the operation of various factors, including natural selection” (Okasha, 2006). The Alu sequence is seen in population genetics due to the different genetic compositions. Population genetics can be determined using the Hardy-Weinberg principle. The Hardy-Weinberg principle is a “relationship between the frequencies of alleles and the genotype of

Imagine that you are crossing two plants that are heterozygous for flower color and seed shape. The dominant and recessive alleles for these traits are:

The results of the experiment’s chi-squared data revealed a critical p-value thus rejecting the null hypothesis. The p value was concluded to be a result of genetic linkages on the chromosome causing the traits to be unable

In order to remove the cells from the humans, a cotton swab was brushed against the skin several times. The cells would then stick the tip of the swab. The swabs were placed into small plastic bags, sealed, and labeled. Another method that was used was to wet the swab and then brush it on to the skin. This was done to give the cells a better chance of attaching to the swab. Cells that were taken from thee inner cheek were obtained rubbing a dry swab on the inner cheek. Cells were removed from a ten month old child, a two year old child, a four year old child, eighteen year old adolescent, a twenty and twenty- two year old young adult, a thirty year old

You are also provided with a heterozygous female, and a homozygous recessive male for a genetic cross. In this particular female, all the dominant alleles are on one chromosome, and the recessive counterparts are on the other homologous chromosome. Due to a chromosomal condition, in the female no recombination occurs between the M and N loci. Normal recombination occurs between the L and M loci. Diagram this cross, and show the genotypes and frequencies of all offspring expected from this cross.

When investigating genetic diversity in populations using nuclear genetic markers, what are the two main genetic indices (parameters) that investigators typically use?

The X2 value for each cross was calculated to determine that the observed and expected ratios according to Mendelian inheritance were close in agreement (Garey et. al 2013). In order to determine if the observed deviations for each cross were within the limits expected by chance,10% and 25% of similar trials. The monohybrid autosomal ap/ap x +/+ cross results were the most similar in comparison of results and probability of all the crosses. The chi-square results were extremely similar as expected and both accept the hypothesis that deviations

(5) On day one we started by weighing a sterile 4 ml polypropylene tube, we then used a sterile toothpick to collect plaque from teeth that were not previously brushed that morning. We place the toothpick in the tube and added 1.5g of saline and vortexed it for 1 minute. After allowing the toothpick to dry we weighed the toothpick and calculated the mg of plaque by subtracting the weight of the tube, saline, and toothpick. We then did a series of tenfold dilution with the plaque suspension. After we prepared a plating scheme for the plaque dilutions using a pipe and flamed hockey stick. These dilutions were placed on a variety of different mediums. (Insert more to this sentence

For the progeny produced from a typical F1 hybrid mating, there will be ¼ X 6 = 1.5 = ~ 2 many totally recessive individuals would be produced if the progeny total population is six offspring. If the progeny population was 20, ¼ x 20 =5 50? ,¼ x 50 = 12.5 ~13, 1,000? ¼ x 1000 = 250. Excluding factors such as sex linked genes, in complete dominance or epistasis cross results will no vary if different organisms are used such as dogs or tulips because it will follow the Mendle's law in every animal. Sex-linked genes, incomplete dominance, or epistasis will alter the phenotypic ratios, and cross will not obey the Mendle's

This table helps show all the possible genotypes from one set of parents. The table shows that the genotypes purple and starchy are dominant, and the genotypes yellow and sweet are recessive.(stallsmith)

Genetic profiling is a contemporary issue relating to the individual and technology which restricts access to unbiased decisions and privacy. Genetic profiling interferes with the individuals bodily, genetic and behavioural privacy, as it can be used for the benefit of identifying bodies to using the results of a DNA test to choose whether to employ one individual over another, due to future concerns. It can easily be argued that genetic profiling is in the need of law reform as a result of legal implications and the lack of individual’s rights.

The number of alleles for the dominant characteristic remains constant throughout the ten generations while the the alleles for the recessive characteristic decreases after almost each generation.

The pairs of alternative traits examined segregated among the progeny of a particular cross, some individuals exhibiting one traits, some the other

To obtain the cheek cell a piece had to be scraped off the interior of a person mouth with a toothpick. Next, using a pipette, a drop of water was placed onto the slide. Then after, the side of the toothpick, which was inside of the person mouth was placed onto the water on the slide. Also to for the cheek cell to be seen a yellowish iodine was placed into the water on the slide. Next a coverslip was placed on the edge of the slide then lowered over the sample and , was carefully lowered into place using tweezers. This method help prevent air bubbles from being trapped under the coverslip. Now that the slide was prepared the observation could begin. The slide was placed onto the stage of the microscope. To begin the observation the microscope was placed at low power. At a low power (40x) you could see the individual cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and the skin of the cell. Next, the microscope was switched to a medium power (100x), through the microscope everything was clearer, the nucleus was visible with a couple other cells being able to be seen . Finally, under high power (400x), things such as a the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and nucleus were seen but on a larger

Moreover, the migration of individuals from one genetically distinct population to another is also an important way for alleles to be added to or subtracted from a local population. Whenever an organism leaves one population and enters another, it subtracts its genetic information from the population it left and adds it to the population it joins. If it contains rare alleles, it may significantly affect the allele frequency of both populations. The extent of migration need not be great. However, as long as alleles are entering