Genetic Engineering Technology

Once the complex was bound to the DNA, a cut would be made to eliminate and destroy the invaders. 83% of archaeal genomes and 45% of bacterial genomes (Shabbir, M. et al, 2016) were shown to be able to successfully utilize the CRISPR Cas9 system. These are very promising statistics, so it is no wonder that there has been such an advancement in the past few years to bring this technology to eukaryotic cells, mammalian cells and eventually human cells.

CRISPR has been garnishing a lot of media attention recently and it is not just popular among the scientific community but also the general public. Several online news outlets and scientific journals have been talking about the significance CRISPR-Cas could have for the field of genetics and science as a whole. I even came across a Youtube video from The Verge, a tech channel that normally does reviews on new smartphones and laptops talking about CRISPR [15]. So why is CRISPR gaining so much attention both from the scientific community and the general public? The answer lies in the potential this technology possesses.

For many years biomedical researchers like myself have been trying to create more proactive ways to amend the genome for living cells. In more recent fieldwork studies there has been a new state of the art instrument based on bacterial CRISP in close works with protein 9 often referred to as CAS9 from the streptococcus progenies have possibly unlocked new data. The CRISP/CAS9 tries to manipulate the function of the gene using homologous recombination and RNA interference, but is set back because it can only provide short term restriction of the genes function and it’s iffy off- target effects.

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat, referring to the repeating DNA sequences found in the genomes of microorganisms. CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes in genes by splicing and replacing these DNA sequences with new ones. Through these changes, the biology of the cell is altered and possibly affects the health of an organism. The possibilities are endless as this offers opportunities in curing deadly diseases, modifying genes, and changing humanity as we know it. Although bioengineering has been around since the 1960s, CRISPR is significant because of the comparative low costs and the ease of the procedure to

Granted there have been other gene editing techniques used before, but by far CRISPR has been reported to have the most potential to revolutionize different areas where the method is applicable. The fields that researchers believe these modification resources will be the most beneficial, include but are not limited to medicine for curing and preventing diseases, creating socially ideal children, and perhaps aiding in the decrease of world hunger. While these goals do seem quite optimistical, scientists have high hopes for what CRISPR will be able to accomplish with time. Currently the system is just now being tested out on living organisms, with the ambition of figuring ways to genetically terminate diseases (2).

Genetic diseases and illnesses have been of much concern for many years, leaving many deceased or with a poor quality of life. Due to the implication of modern medicine and other techniques used for treatments, mortality rates have decreased and the average life expectancy has increased. Unfortunately, every individual responds differently to the type of treatment they need, which is why the implication of personalized medicine is forthcoming. A certain technique that has been distinguished and commended by researchers today is known as clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats, or CRISPR. CRISPR is associated with Cas9, and it is a popular genome editing technique which can be programmed to target specific areas of DNA and

Even though it was discovered in 1987 by a research team at Osaka University, the true power of CRISPR, which functions as an adaptive bacteria immune defense, was not realized until the completion of the Human Genome Project in the early 2000’s (Carroll and Zhou 63-64). There are only two components of CRISPR, a guide RNA sequence (gRNA) and a Cas9 endonuclease protein. When the gRNA binds to its matching template DNA sequence, the Cas9 protein cuts the template DNA sequence resulting in the inactivation of that specific gene (Hille and Charpentier 3). In addition, a mutant gene can be replaced by adding another piece of DNA with the desired sequence, which will bind to the cut DNA template strand and become incorporated into the host

The ability to engineer biological systems and organisms has an enormous potential for applications across basic science, medicine and biotechnology. Genome editing is a group of technologies that allow scientists the ability to change an organism’s DNA, which can provide better outcomes for health and disease control compared to natural immunity and mutations. Genome editing (gene editing) allows genetic material to be added, removed or altered at particular locations in the genome. A number of gene editing technologies have emerged in recent years with one of the most versatile and precise methods of genetic manipulation being Crispr-Cas9 (Steve scott,2016). The term Crispr-cas9, (clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats)

Crispr uses its protein Cas9 to precisely snip out a piece of DNA at any point within the genome and then neatly stitch the ends back together. This way of editing is effortless and has a deep appeal. This article goes in depth on how Crispr works.

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, which are the trademark of a bacterial defense system that forms the basis for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology. If you have already heard of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, great. If not, I’ll explain it. CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence. This allows scientists to take away an illness or disease from someone’s DNA. CRISPR-Cas9 technology has been a polarizing topic due to ethical reasons. Some people believe that CRISPR is great technology that could and should be used for health reasons and even cosmetic reasons. This would mean

The CRISPR protein contains the Cas9 enzyme that uses a guide sequence within RNA to form base pairs with DNA target sequences. This allows the enzyme to break the DNA at a specific region in the strand (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014). In other words, the Cas9 acts as a pair of scissors in order to cut the DNA at a specific location so that parts of DNA can then be changed by adding in or deleting fragments of the genome. Because CRISPR-Cas9 programming is simple and has the capacity to recognize targets at multiple areas, this has granted for many exceptional developments to be made concerning the editing, modification, regulation, and marking of genomic loci precisely and

As of now, the most promising replacement for CRISPR is the NgAgo protein. This protein improves upon the CRISPR system by removing the need for unreliable RNA guides, but is much more expensive to use and results are inconsistent. I want to develop new ways to cut out and replace these cancer causing genes with harmless, or even helpful, disease preventing proteins and bacteria. This drive powers my work in high school, my plans for study in college, my hopes for research in gene editing, and my dream of helping future generations of the world. My education is what enables me to pursue this drive, and this is the next step in my education. I will spend the next four years (and beyond) of my life studying the human genome and biology, and hopefully using that knowledge in research. Everytime I see my grandpa during his chemotherapy, I want to know that I am working to help him. Everytime I see him too weak stand, too tired to leave the house, I want to know that I am making a difference in his

CRISPR-cas9 works by using a short guide RNA consisting of only 85 bases to precisely direct the protein Cas9 to target sites on the DNA. It then functions as an endonuclease to efficiently produce breaks in the DNA double helix.

Hereditary defects and disorders have been present throughout time, bringing about havoc on families and individuals across the globe. CRISPR technology is essentially a system in which Cas9 proteins are manipulated to apply different DNA to the cells. The Cas9 protein is existent as a protective device,

The first mention of CRISPR in the literature was in 1987, however, it has only been in the last several years that significant headway has been made identifying potential therapeutic applications of this system. Research into this technology has been abundant in recent years, with over 4,000 publications describing CRISPR between 2007 and 2017MA2. In simple terms, CRISPR allows the scientific community to alter the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome, at an exact location, to introduce a specific change in the DNA sequence at that location. With the help of the human genome project, finalized in 2003, and research into genetic disorders that has been conducted over the past several decades, much of the groundwork that allows us to apply