Genetic Testing And Identification Of Dna Extraction

In this experiment, DNA was extracted from human cheek cells using Gatorade, soap solution, and rubbing alcohol. To do this, Gatorade was swished in the subject’s mouth vigorously for 45 seconds, and then added to soap solution and rubbing alcohol. This mixture was left to sit in ice water for two to three minutes. It was hypothesized that when cheek cells were placed into Gatorade, soap solution, and rubbing alcohol, that the DNA would be extracted, forming a stringy substance. This hypothesis was supported by the results of the experiment. After adding the alcohol to the Gatorade and soap solution, a semi-translucent, fibrous substance was formed.

The extraction of DNA was first discovered by Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher in 1869 while working in his lab. Friedrich attended University of Tubingen. The University he attended was one of the first to study tissue chemistry. Friedrich was assigned to study lymphoid cells. Mr. Miescher collected used materials from a hospital. He experimented with a molecule and isolated it from the nucleus. This is how DNA extraction

Based on your procedure and results, how is DNA isolated from plant or animal cells? /4

(PCR), which isolates small fragments of DNA that have a high degree of variability from

In order to extract DNA from any living thing, we needed to first gather the materials. Then we began the experiment. Step 1, put in a blender 1/2 cup of split peas (100ml), 1/8 teaspoon table salt (less than 1ml), and 1 cup cold water (200ml). Next, we blended the materials on high for 15 seconds. This allowed the pea cells to separate from each other, so we now had a really thin pea-cell soup. Step 2, poured our thin pea-cell soup through a strainer into another container. Added 2 tablespoons of liquid detergent (about 30ml) and swirled to mix. We then let the mixture incubate for 7 minutes. Poured the mixture into test tubes containers, and filled each about 1/3 full. Step 3, added a pinch of meat tenderizer to each test tube and stirred gently to make sure we didn’t break up the DNA. Step 4, tilted our test tube and slowly poured rubbing alcohol (70-95% isopropyl or ethyl alcohol) into the tube down the side so that it forms a layer on top of the pea mixture. Poured until we had about the same amount of alcohol in the tube as pea mixture. Alcohol is less dense than water, so it floats on top. From there we looked for clumps of white stringy stuff where the water and alcohol layers meet. The white stringy stuff was tangled DNA molecules. Thus, we completed DNA extraction. As we performed the experiment we made no changes to the original protocol.

Moreover, as more cells are broken down the more DNA will be isolated. Then, mixed the KAc/LiCl working solution thoroughly and waited for 10 minutes. Separation of cell debris from the nucleic acid occurred during this part of the procedure. Added EtOH so that the pellet will move through the EtOH and recovered the pellet.

Every day DNA technology becomes more advanced and innovative, for example can match the smallest amounts of biological evidence to a criminal offender. Future DNA techniques will be applied to existing systems and testing methods that will become more automated and will be more effective and less time consuming. Instead of waiting months of DNA results the future will provide instantaneous means for DNA profile development.

The detergent was used to isolate the cells we needed and chemically coated the cells to assist in the breaking down.

(1) Carolina Biological Supply Company, 2004, Information, Strawberry DNA Extraction, 28th of January 2017, https://www.cpet.ufl.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2012/10/strawberry_dna_extract_kit.pdf

This was filtered through a cheesecloth and the supernatant was collected into a 50mL centrifuge tube. This was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 6,000rpm. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was broken up and diluted to 50mL with cold buffer solution and centrifuged for 10 more minutes. Once again the supernatant was discarded and the pellet was broken up and diluted to 50mL with 2.6M NaCl solution. This was centrifuged for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was saves without the pellet. The supernatant was kept in a beaker on ice and 100mL of ethyl alcohol was added. The DNA was precipitated and extracted with a glass rod. This DNA was added to a tube with 10mL distilled H2O. Using seven tubes, 2mL distilled H2O was added to tubes #2-#5 and 2mL standard stock solution was added to tubes #1 and #2. The 2mL from tube #2 was added to tube #3, and 2mL of this was added to tube #4 and mixed. Then, 2mL of DNA was added to tubes #6 and #7. We discarded 2mL from tube #7 and mixed the tube. We added 4mL of Dische reagent to all seven tubes and heated them for 10 minutes. Once they were cooled, the absorbances were recorded at 500nm, using tube #5 as a blank. Tubes #1-#4 were plotted to determine the concentration of DNA from tubes #6-#7, and the concentration of DNA per gram of deer spleen tissue was

The use of forensic DNA can be a valuable tool in the investigative field. The use of DNA profiling has only been around for 20 years in criminal investigations. The first famous DNA forensic analysis took place in 1986 when the British police used DNA fingerprinting to solve a case involving the rape and murder of two girls. Today, police departments work with the Combined DNA Index System of the FBI, which has computerized records of the DNA of individuals who have been convicted in the past. Recently, federal laws have been passed to include preconviction DNA in their databases. In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Maryland v. King that the collection and testing of DNA can be done without a warrant.

Initial trials were performed in class of DNA extraction. This time strawberry was used. The process that was undertaken

The genomic DNA is found in the nucleus of each cell in the human body and represents a DNA source for most forensic applications. The teeth are an excellent source of genomic DNA because PCR analyses allow comparing the collected postmortem samples to known antemortem samples or parental DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is another type of material that can be used for body identification. Its main advantage is the high number of copies per cell (from hundreds to thousands of organelles). When the extracted DNA samples are too small or degraded, such as those obtained from skeletonized tissues, the likelihood of obtaining a DNA profile from mitochondrial DNA is higher than that with any marker found

The procedure for DNA analysis can be complicated. First, to start the analysis, a DNA sample from blood, hair, or even dead skin is needed so that it can be sent to the forensic laboratory for further investigation. There, the sample is inventoried, evaluated, and prepared for the analysis. The sample is then treated with chemicals to help break down or extract DNA. After the DNA is extracted, it is purified by removing cellular material. Then the DNA is amplified, or only interested in a certain part of the DNA. CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) is used to search up the new DNA and match it with similar DNA that had been input before. The police department is given a full report of the analysis.

As can be seen in table 3 and figure 2, the cold strawberry solution, gave rise to the most amount of DNA as was predicted in our hypothesis, with an average of 0.178g. In plants, DNA is normally protected by the cell walls and membranes which form a barrier against the surrounding environment. In addition to the strawberry solution which had already been mashed, rupturing the cell walls and increasing the surface area to be exposed to the reagents, the DNA extraction solution comprised of water, detergent and salt when added also contributed in disrupting some of the cell walls of the strawberry (Nuffield Foundation, 2011). The detergent’s soap molecules assisted in this process by dissolving the fatty lipids in the phospholipid bilayer (figure