Genetics In Cattle Research Paper

Farmers are using different technology for breeding. They used selective breeding to produce animals that exhibit desirable traits and they get more benefit from it. For example, using breeding techniques farmers makes cows which produce more milk with less lactose, and sheep which produce more wool. Farmers accept this new selective breeding technology because in the past, farmers would use growth hormones to promote such qualities. This became problematic when residue of the hormones remained in the meat, leaving it with a foul taste. When researchers began to clone transgenic animals, it became possible to develop certain traits in animals, which increased the quality of their yield. When a farmer would like to raise the standards of a herd, the breeding process is very slow and sometimes incomes can decrease (Wilmut 23). Many times when relying on sexual breeding alone to mass-produce these animals, there are chances of breeding out the desired traits (Freudenrich). Transgenic animal cloning will result in higher quality meats and dairies without the use of artificial hormones. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration released in January 2008 concluded “edible products from normal, healthy clones or their progeny do not appear to pose increased food consumption risks relative to comparable products from conventional animals.” After 2008, US Food and Drug Administrative agree to use

The most limiting factor in artificial insemination programs is the proper detection of cows or heifers in estrus. Estrus, or heat, is the period of time that occurs every 18-24 days in a sexually mature, non-pregnant female, when they are receptive to being mounted by bulls or other cows. In order to make sure your heifer is pregnant after you AI them, you have to check to make sure they don’t come into heat again. Most cattle breeders tell this by knowing the signs of heat or by using an heat detection patch. When a female is in estrus she will stand and bellow, smell other cows, attempt to mount other cows, and her vulva will be moist, slightly red and swollen she may also have some clear mucus discharge. If the heifer comes back into heat after Artificially inseminating, she is not

In-vitro fertilisation is a procedure used to overcome a range of fertility issues and helps conceive

The process of producing a Genetically Modified Animal is a multiple stage process. For accurate and worthwhile results, the procedure must be exact and without mistake. First, the wanted gene is decided and identified as such. Growth Hormone is the most popular for all genetically modified organisms. Lots of research has been conducted on its use and effect, and it can be used for many species. Growth Hormone increases production of food from an animal, which is what most scientists aim for. Farm animals’ main purpose is to produce food, so a popular research topic is how to raise the amount of food, such as milk, an animal produces. Growth Hormone can also be used to grow animals faster, to get the meat they create as they grow sooner. Growth Hormone also increases resistance to pathogens. This is important for the health of the animal, and the quality of the meat or milk being sold to eat from the animals.

This article talks about genetically engineered meat. It explains that the way humans produce meat now has health effects, environmental effects, animal disease problems, nutrition problems and even pollution. Genetically engineered meat can do a lot of positive things for humans. First, it is more sustainable and is disease free. It also reduces suffering to animals and can also provide more nutrients for people because vitamins can be put in them.

Although cattle cloning is a very innovative way of producing the newest and best cattle, I do not agree with it. There is a reason many large companies in the cattle industry haven’t been participating in this activity. This action can be very risky not only because you could hurt your herd, but also because of the consumer. People are very concerned about what we put into our bodies so the average consumer is more likely to buy meat that originates from a farm instead of being made in a petri dish. Another reason cloning would be speculative option is because you would not be getting enough ‘bang for your buck’. The amount of money put into cloning just one herd is astonishing. If you were to clone a small herd of five heifers and five bulls

The technologies have a number of differences. With artificial insemination, the man's or a donor's sperm could be used. Invitro fertilization might use the woman’s egg along with man’s sperm, or possibly one or two donors. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection may consist of biopsy at a cellular level or genetic analysis which could be augmented by assisted hatching.

All around the world infants are drinking cow’s milk from early years many infants and even children and some adults have allergies to a certain protein in the cow’s milk that breast milk doesn’t contain. This protein is called BLG. Scientists in New Zealand worked are trying to find a solution to this problem. They have started on creating a genetically modified cow that produces milk without this protein. This would then lead to creating a herd of cows that are producing offspring

The process of embryo transfer requires a dose of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) twice a day for four days towards the end of her estrus cycle to force them to super ovulate, or release more than one egg at a time. On average a donor cow will release five to six eggs at a time but other donors will release more than twenty. Once the donor cow comes into heat, the peak time for insemination to occur, a technician will artificially inseminate the cow with high quality semen multiple times due the increased number of eggs being released by the donor cow. After seven days the embryos will be flushed out and graded. (Embryo) The other method, In Vitro Fertilization, does not fertilize eggs inside of the donor cow, they are flushed out unfertilized and placed into petri dishes, where they are matured for 24 hours before insemination. Eggs are mixed with semen and then incubated for seven days, after which they are considered embryos and are ready for transfer to the recipient cow. (In

The eggs are then extracted after approximately one-two months of medication. Afterwards, the eggs and the sperm from the husband are then allowed to fertilize to create embryos – preferably without assistance – in a medical laboratory for three to five days before being placed back into the uterus of the wife. The quality of the eggs will determine how long they are left to fertilize; however, the longer they are able to fertilize, the better the chances of a pregnancy. Once the embryos are placed back into the woman’s uterus, it will be up to her body to either accept or reject the embryos and become pregnant.

If many individuals of the same species are all genetically modified and breed with each other their offspring should also have the same genetic modification within them. Instead of through natural selection an implication of this gene silencing process is that humans are driving evolution of the modified species. Only the genes that we are choosing not to knockdown will be inherited by the offspring or will be shown in the phenotype. Whether this is a positive or negative thing on the survival of the individual will depend on the effects of the silenced gene. In Daisy’s case and increase in caesium and a decrease in BLG are some of the visible discovered effects of knocking down this particular gene. Eventually if enough cows were modified or new cows produced through cloning or any other method where knockdown or gene silencing is possible then cows would no longer produce this protein, they would have evolved. However by having some that produce it and some that don't increase the genetic biodiversity and with an increase variety among the population could make species more successful as it increases the ability for at least one member of the species to be able to fight a disease or be immune to it stopping the species from becoming extinct. This forced evolution is going against the natural evolution but the counteracts of this are yet to be known. Any form of genetic modification in terms of gene silencing right now is not the safest way to drive evolution of a population. Until the process of RNA interference is completely understood and the effects of it confirmed and accurately estimated the risk of driving a species to evolve is a dangerous for both the species and humans without having the power to reverse these silenced genes. As Daisy had to be

Throughout our country producers are working hard and developing new methods to increase carcass yields and better quality cattle. Often times producers focus on developing better genetics; which are characteristics that make up an animal. In order to develop better genetics producers, take into consideration many different things including what is the purpose of their operation. Often times producers have many options available to them to improve genetic within their herd. In order to increase genetics producers can conduct physical evaluations, look at pedigrees, and use artificial insemination to increase genetic within their herd.

The article contains both positive and negative aspects of genetic modification and the implications. It gives scientific facts and evidence regarding genetic engineering in agriculture. It explains about the advantages of producing crop that have been genetically altered on the environment and also on the consumer, and how it can be used for medical purposes. This is the positive side. The article also discuss the issue that are still unknown as there is still research that is being done and there is still new thing being discovered.

It is common for the semen of 2-3 bulls to be used to ensure at least one quality sample to produce a pregnancy. In the instance that multiple donors are used, parentage is confirmed via DNA analysis. Most frequently, nonsurgical insemination is performed. This method calls for a trained and accommodating elephant as a large bore cannula is inserted into the lower urogenital tract. A 3m endoscope is inserted through the cannula and conducted to the hymen in first time mothers and the cervix or uterine horn of a cow that has calved. A small insemination cannula is used to deposit semen into the vagina, threaded through the hymen in nulliparous cows. In parous cows the semen may be deposited further into the uterus.14 Surgical insemination

Question 3. What techniques are currently used to preserve fertility in female patients? Describe two of these techniques. What technique was used in the case described by Demeestere et al (2015)? (Reference 1, 2, 3 & 4)