Genitourinary TB Infection: A Case Study

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” and is mainly causes infection of the lungs (WHO, 2016). Its mode of transmission is airborne, so it can be passed on by inhalation of airborne droplets which carrying the bacteria, when an infected patient coughs, sneezes, or spits the TB germs into the air (WHO, 1026). Among the symptoms of active TB are: cough with sputum and blood, chest pains, weakness, fever and night sweats (WHO, 2016). Most at risk to get the TB infection are people with weakened immune system such as people who are suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, severe kidney disease, silicosis and especially HIV infection (CDC, 2016). Children and Tobacco users are also at greater risk to fall ill with TB.

TB is a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally that boils down to one small, single infection. TB can be classified into 2 stages; Latent TB and Active TB. In Latent TB, the bacteria remain in the body in an inactive or dormant state. A person will not have any symptoms because their immune mechanism has stopped the bacteria from growing. Latent TB can remain in a dormant state for year (Zager et al, 2009). However this disease can easily change to Active TB. This change mainly occurs due to the rapid increase of Mycobacterium TB within an individual when a person becomes ill or their immune system is compromise. Ninety percent of the time, those who are infected with

TB is a complex, chronic disease which induces immune dysregulation of several arms of the immune system. In this study, we analyzed the specific concentration of IFN-γ, TNF-α , IL-1β, and IL-10 cytokines from smear negative PTB(SNPTB) and smear positive PTB (SPPTB) to determine the effect of mycobacterial load on the cytokine concentration utilizing a simple whole blood assay stimulation with a whole sonicate MTB. Different concentration of cytokines(IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 ) detected in present study were associated with bacillary load of MTB in sputum from PTB patients. Our results demonstrate that , individuals with smear-negative PTB was associated with increased concentration in Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and decreased TNF-α ,IL-1β , as well as decreased concentration of specific Th2 cytokine IL-10 as compared with individuals with smear positive. These results strongly suggest that the sputum positive group had the lowest immune response (lowest IFN-γ levels, and highest IL-10 level) and indicate that the cytokine concentration is progressively impaired with increased mycobacterial load. In addition, PTB patients presented with a higher expression of IL-10 and TNF-α in contrast to the lower expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β as compared with healthy control. IFN-γ secreted in low concentration in two clinical PTB patient groups(SNPTB,SPPTB) as compared with health control(HC), but these levels insignificant between two

(Tortora, Funke & Case, 2013). Another mycobacterial species, Mycobacterium bovis, is a pathogen mainly of cattle. M.bovis is the cause of bovine tuberculosis, which is transmitted to humans via contaminated milk or food (Tortora, Funke & Case, 2013). It is very unlikely to see M. bovis transmitted from person to person. It will impinge bones causing a hunchback deformation of the spine; it also will affect the lymphatic system. In the latent stage, the patient is asymptomatic due to TB is inactive. Symptoms may appear weeks or even years later after acquiring the infection. In the active stage symptoms will include a cough that may last three weeks or more, expectorating blood, erratic weight loss, more tiredness than usual, fever, Night sweats and chills. Active TB is indicative to the spread of the infection; which happens when the bacteria advances from person to person from unhindered microscopic droplets dispensed into the air. Two of the most-common test used to the diagnosis tuberculosis is a simple skin test and chest x-ray. The skin test is done by injecting a minute amount of PPD under a patient's skin creating a welt on the forearm. The results are read in 48-72 hours by a health professional; they will check for swelling at injection site. If the PPD test reads false positive then, a chest x-ray will be ordered. Chest x-rays are

Communicable Disease Paper Tuberculosis  Communicable diseases rely on fluid exchange, contaminated substance, or close contact to travel from an infected carrier to a healthy individual. Many people have never heard of a disease called tuberculosis (TB) or not fully aware how serious this disease really is. I will briefly summarize the research that was conducted on tuberculosis by describing the disease in details and discussing efforts to control it, indentify environmental factors related to tuberculosis, and explain the influence of lifestyles, socioeconomic status, as well as disease management. I will also briefly describe what public health departments are doing to reduce the threat, and include data, evidence, and plan to

There are two different types of tests that are used to determine if there is TB in the body. The first test is the TB skin test (TST) and the second one is TB blood test. A positive TB skin test or TB blood test only discloses if a person has been infected with TB bacteria. It does not tell whether the person has latent TB infection (LTBI) or has progressed to TB disease. Further testing, such as a chest x-ray and a sample of sputum (mucus), is necessary to see whether the person has TB disease. (https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/tbinfectiondisease.htm)

Amy, great presentation on TB. The presentation seemed to be very through and cover information about TB well. I appreciate this information. I used to float at the clinic that I work at and it was always intimidating when and individual would be coming into infectious disease for TB. I was not aware of the correlation between TB and AIDs, but it makes since. Many of the risk factors that you have listed did seem to be present with many of the patients that we saw for TB. Other groups that seem to have a high rate of TB are homeless people, immunocompromised individuals, and injection drug users. I was familiar with TB being more prevalent in immunocompromised individuals in general because when we gave routine immunocompromising medications a TB test had to be completed yearly. This is because Illinois and our county are at high risk.

The spouse and children will require TB skin tests or TB blood tests. Prior to that we would need to know if they have received a bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine because this will result in a positive skin test even if they are negative to TB. (Blair, et al. 596) If any of these TB tests come back positive, then the same testing given to the father would be repeated. They include chest x-ray, HIV, NAA and QFT-G. Treatment would also be started where indicated.

2TUBERCULOSISTuberculosis (TB) is spread by a person who is infected by the bacterial infection the water droplets can spread through the body. An infectious disease many organisms that live in the body that can be spread person to person. TB is a rare infectious disease. The younger generation has become more at risk in upcoming countries.The first recorded occurrence of TB was in 1882. TB was first discovered by a physician and scientist, Robert Koch. March 12, 1882 he discovered mycobacterium tuberculosis. A few of the most common symptoms of TB are loss of energy, poor appetite, loss of energy, fever, productive cough,

Clinical manifestations of miliary tuberculosis are nonspecific and wide ranging, depends on the predominant site of involvement. Fever, night sweats, anorexia, weakness and weight loss are presenting symptoms in the majority of cases. Occurrence of daily morning temperature spikes is reported to be characteristic of miliary TB5. Patients have cough and other respiratory symptoms due to pulmonary involvement. Physical findings include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Eye examination may reveal choroidal tubercles, which are pathognomic of miliary TB, in up to 30% of cases. Various hematologic abnormalities may be seen, including anaemia with leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutrophilic leukocytosis and leukemoid reactions, and polycythemia.

In summary, the diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis is based on clinical features, demonstration of acid-fast bacilli on smear, tissue culture, skin biopsy, and in recent years, PCR which has shown to be of importance in laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the yield from culture and PCR is often low and diagnoses may need to depend on clinical features, histopathological findings, and retrospective review of response to treatment(1); the diagnosis of the child who is presented in this case report was established on clinico-histopathological basis following a wedge biopsy from the lesion.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a CDC (Centers for Disease Control) notifiable disease which is caused by an infectious bacterium that was discovered by a man named Robert Koch in 1882. This infectious bacterium that causes Tuberculosis is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and is also known as Koch 's Bacillus. According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2015), Mtb is a small, slow-growing bacterium that can live only in people. It is not found in other animals, insects, soil, or other non-living things. Mtb is an aerobic bacterium, which means

In order to determine if TB infection is present, a skin test can be performed on the arm. TB infection is positive if swelling/hardness of the performed part of the skin appears in the size of a dime or bigger.

Tuberculosis does show any different physical signs than regular tuberculosis. Both forms of tuberculosis show coughing for more than 3 weeks, coughing up blood or mucus, chest pain, fatigue/weakness, weight loss and loss of appetite, fever, and chills (1). Tuberculosis is easily caught by a new patient because the air that is contaminated by a carrier of the bacteria who has been in the room for a rather long time. Meaning if a person visits the carrier and goes into the carrier’s bedroom for an extended length of time, then that person could possibly contract tuberculosis. Not only is immediate contact a key factor in developing tuberculosis, health, where a person lives, and if that person developed tuberculosis in the past. These factors all accumulate and help in the spread of the disease from person to person.

Background Pulmonary tuberculosis is a common infection worldwide. In eastern parts of Iran, fluctuations are seen in tuberculosis prevalence due to emigration of people from Afghanistan. In smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, bacteriologic study is a superior method in following the response to treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the time of sputum smear conversion after treatment commence and to study possible affecting factors in those whose smear does not become negative.