Genotypic Resistance Testing Essay

Dr. N.A.S states that one of the antiretrovirals blocks translation of RNA into the proteins required to make new viruses. Some of the current antiretrovirals include reverse transcriptase, fusion and entry, protease, and integrase inhibitors;6,10 however there is not an inhibitor that blocks translation of rna into proteins on the market. Targeting inhibitors specific to HIV has made ARVs increasingly effective and less harmful to humans.

Genetic profiling is a contemporary issue relating to the individual and technology which restricts access to unbiased decisions and privacy. Genetic profiling interferes with the individuals bodily, genetic and behavioural privacy, as it can be used for the benefit of identifying bodies to using the results of a DNA test to choose whether to employ one individual over another, due to future concerns. It can easily be argued that genetic profiling is in the need of law reform as a result of legal implications and the lack of individual’s rights.

C. A chromatid is a chromosome that has been replicated but has not yet separated from its sister chromatid.

To determine the genotype of the members in my group and the class with regards to the TAS2R38 and LCT genes, first, DNA was extracted from epithelial cells to be used for PCR to amplify the DNA of the targeted loci. Then, restriction enzyme digestion was performed to cut the DNA into fragments in order to perform Restriction Length Polymorphism Analysis to decipher the different lengths. Differing lengths of the DNA accounts for different alleles on that specific gene, therefore determining heterozygosity and homozygosity of the genotype.

When the HIV virus was identified in the 1980’s, many companies began to search for an antiviral drug but Burroughs Wellcome led the research effort. There were three drugs being tested by other companies as well including, AZT by Burroughs Wellcome, DDI by Bristol Myers and DDC by Hoffman-LaRoche. These drugs inhibit reproduction of HIV and slow the damage it causes.

What would you do if an immediate family member of yours developed a popular genetic disease and there was a possibility of you having it? Wouldn’t you want to know whether or not you had it as well, in your genes? Genetic testing allows for people to know if they have a certain genetic disease, if they need to get a certain treatment plan set up, or if there are ways to prevent it from becoming present or visible in the body. Genetic Discrimination is no longer legally allowed, meaning that there is no longer a need to fear the possibility of your genetic information getting into the wrong hands. Genetic testing should be done by anyone who may have a chance of developing any type of disease that could be life-threatening or not.

Do you ever wonder why your hair is the color that it is? Or where you got your height? Well this is all dependent on your genes. The genes that you have were passed onto you from your parents. Geneticists the people who study our genes and heredity. They do extensive research and study how genes work and how they are built. Geneticist don’t just learn about humans, depending on what part of the field they are working in they may also learn about plants and animals. All of the data that they collect from research they use to find new medicines and cures for all different kinds of diseases. Like I said they also work with plants and animals. They work with plants by trying to change the genetic makeup of crops to help improve the

Within cell culture it was shown to be 10 times more potent than Acyclovir (11). Phase I of the clinical trials showed the HSV replication was inhibited within the tested dosing region. It was also concluded the drug stayed in its active form up to 80 hours, far greater than Acyclovir with no reported negative side effects (1). Within the Phase II placebo controlled trial it was reported that viral sheading and lesion rates were decreased in a dose dependent manner. Even though the trial was considered small with only 156 subjects, no adverse effects or viral resistance was reported. Clinical isolates have remained treatable by Pritelivir, but their have be instances for resistance selected for in tissue culture (14). As for updates for resistance, one mutation has been reported in the helicase gene although this has remained in cell culture (15). Although cell culture does have a higher tendency to select for resistance, this dose raise the issue of utility for the novel drug down the line. AIC316 is expected to enter into into Phase III of the clinical trials within the near future. With the clinical trials still proceeding on AIC316 safety is still being evaluated, and strategies are still being devised. All options are being investigated such as combination therapies with current therapies to decrease the chance of resistance

HIV RNA (viral load) and CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) cell count are the two surrogate markers of antiretroviral treatment (ART) responses and HIV disease progression that are used to manage and monitor HIV infection. The key goal of ART is to achieve and maintain durable viral suppression. If a patient has virologic failure, it means that they are unable to achieve or maintain suppression of viral replication to an HIV RNA level <200 copies/mL. Therefore, they should be assessed for virologic failure which include an assessment of adherence, drug-drug or drug-food interactions, drug tolerability, HIV RNA and CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) cell count trends over time, treatment history, and prior and current drug-resistance testing results. Moreso, drug-resistance testing should be performed while the patient is taking the failing antiretroviral (ARV) regimen or within 4 weeks of treatment discontinuation.

D.N.A, a crucial part of humans. It determines your hair, your eye colour and even your handedness. Throughout the years humans have learnt how to read D.N.A. Through genetic testing, we can now tell when you’re just a little baby the problems you might face when you’re older.

As studied in the science of psychology, the human being’s mental state is a mixture of our genetic makeup and the environment that shapes up. When a person is born, they come into the world with existing traits and characteristics that they inherit from their parents. Then, over time, they grow into an environment that shapes who they become, personality, for example, is already existing but through imitation and conditioning it is molded into a different version of itself. The mind, for instance, is a product of both factors in the way that our genes are the mold, our environment is the potter, and our mind is the pottery. This article revises just that; the effects that external influences play in our mental and physical health.

Even if the level of viral genetic material is low, it still can be detected by NAT testing.

Introduction: In 1866 an Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel, presented the results of painstaking experiments on the inheritance patterns of garden peas. Those results were heard, but probably not understood, by Mendel’s audience. Now, more than a century later, Mendel’s work seems elementary to modern–day geneticists, but its importance cannot be overstated. The principles generated by Mendel’s pioneering experimentation are the foundation for genetic counseling so important today to families with health disorders having a genetic basis. It’s also the framework for the modern research that is making inroads in treating diseases previously believed to be incurable. In this era of genetic engineering the

HIV has two major types: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 has four groups M, N, O and P. These groups are further classified into subtypes. Group M is a major infecting group worldwide contributing to 90% of HIV-1 infections. Group M is classified into nine subtypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J and K). Subtype B is predominantly found in America and Western Europe. The susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, transmission of disease, and response to retroviral therapy depend on the genetic determinants of the host cell. These genetic determinants vary in populations and among patients. These genetic variants regulate chemokine co-receptors and ligands that involve in the entry of the virus, major histocompatibility complex, killer cells Ig like receptor and cytokines, and TRIM5α motif and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (Kaur and Mehra, 2009). In genome-wide association studies performed in European population, it was shown that Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I variation (Eg. HLA-B*5701) is the major contributor to viral set point and CD4+ T cell decline (Fellay et al., 2010). Cohort study of genetic polymorphism in chemokine receptors in Indian population has shown that protective CCR5 Δ32 variant is rare and CCR5HHE carrying *59402A has the high likelihood of infections (Kaur and Mehra, 2009). HIV Sequence Database contains annotated HIV sequences

HIV becomes drug resistance when the ARV treatments’ are not adhered to. Once the patient has taken their antiretroviral (ARVs) medication then stops the HIV is able to replicate and will do so at a rapid rate. As a result mutations are very common (Jen Gorgan and Ruth Suter;2009)