Genotyping And Sequencing

Scientist is studying the human genome to determine its sequence. Understanding the genomic sequence can prevent any form of disease, however, each person does not contain the same genomes which means it is hard to understand each genomes sequences. The advantage of understanding the genomics, is to understand how human genomic mutations can lead to life-threating conditions such as cancer and prevent them from happening again. The disadvantage for researching genomics cost a lot of money, the research nearly cost thirteen-billion

Genetic testing is used to determine the risk of a patient or patient’s offspring developing genetic diseases. This is done with DNA sequencing in adults and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PDG) on embryos. These methods of genetic testing are effective means of determining the likelihood of developing diseases such as Huntington’s disease, a disease resulting from trinucleotide repeat on chromosome 4p16.3 that causes uncontrollable muscle movement and decrease in cognitive function. However, they only determine probability, which isn’t an entirely reliable means of knowing whether or not symptoms will arise.

As you can see genetic testing is very important and can affect a child's and parents lives for the better and the worst. Children all over the world have serious genetic diseases that affect their life on a daily. Some of these diseases are Achondroplasia, Down syndrome, and Turner's syndrome. Many believe genetic testing is a good way to test for these genetic conditions before the child is even born, but others think that it can harm the baby very badly and even cause a miscarriage, so they choose not to do this kind of testing. Knowing about the most serious genetic diseases is very important for expecting parents to be informed as well as being

Genetic testing is when tests are done on the blood and other tissue to find genetic disorders in an individual. It is used as a healthcare tool to detect gene variants associated to a certain disease or disorder, and is used non-clinically for paternity testing and forensics. There are many different methods of testing, usually done with a blood sample. Other methods include diagnostic testing, carrier testing, prenatal testing, pre-implantation genetic testing, newborn screening, pharmacogentic testing, and a few others.

Genetic testing identifies changes in ones genes and chromosomes. These changes often lead to diagnoses of conditions, disorders, or diseases. Through testing, “one can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person’s chance of developing or

Genetic testing has become a highly controversial issue among both the general population and the scientific community. It is a process that exposes a person’s entire genome sequence, allowing it to be read and evaluated to identify potential risks for genetic diseases or diseases that could be passed onto offspring (Holt Productions, 2012). With thousands of genetic tests already being used, and more being established, it seems logical to put this growing technology to use. Some agree that it is a person’s right to know and understand his or her genetic makeup. However, others argue that, despite the benefits of genetic testing, caution should be used to carefully inspect the risks associated with this new technology.

Results provided through genetic testing enables doctors to be more informed in terms of their patients; allows regular screening practices, or treatment planning at early stages.

Studying the DNA code enables doctors to make faster and more accurate diagnoses of diseases and facilitates developing targeted treatments for patients--especially for victims of one of the many forms of cancer. One clear example of the diagnostic benefits of genomic medicine is diagnosing prostate cancer. In the past, this form of cancer was hard to diagnose and required blood work, biopsies, colonoscopies and ultrasound mapping. Genomic medicine has helped a Dutch hospital develop a prostate cancer test that only requires two weeks to diagnose the malignancy and begin a course of treatment. [3] The faster that any cancer is treated, the better the chances of recovery will be.

When scientists are going to identify the type of cancer they need to do a genetic screening. Genetic screening is the process of going through the patient's genome to find the type of cancer. This reveals everything about the patient including other types of diseases they might have. People might feel that this lets the scientists know too much about the patient. The flaw with their totally legit argument is that before someone gets their genome sequenced, they must sign a waiver which gives the scientists consent and makes sure the patient understands what is happening.

While most babies are born without a genetic issue, around 3-5% of babies are born with a birth defect (Genetic Screening). Genetic Testing is the scientific ability to study the mutations and changes in chromosomes, genes, and proteins in human DNA. There are currently more than 1,000 genetic test in use today and more are being developed every day (Genetics). Most tests can test for Down 's Syndrome (Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13), Autism, Spina Bifida, Cystic Fibrosis, and many more genetic conditions. Even though Genetic Testing is an extraordinary

The genetic technology revolution has proved to be both a blessing and a blight. The Human Genome Project is aimed at mapping and sequencing the entire human genome. DNA chips are loaded with information about human genes. The chip reveals specific information about the individuals’ health and genetic makeup (Richmond & Germov 2009).The technology has been described as a milestone by many in that it facilitates research, screening, and treatment of genetic conditions. However, there have been fears that the technology permits a reduction in privacy when the information is disclosed. Many argue that genetic information can also be used unfairly to discriminate against or stigmatize individuals (Willis 2009).

These advancements in science are giving people amazing new perspectives on how to go about their medical lives, though all that information can potentially be harmful to citizens. How the government and other agencies, such as insurance companies, intervene and try to gain access to this information for its own personal benefits can affect whether or not people will use it. This technology, not being held under the FDA regulations, make it very scrutinized by the government in association with knowledge about possible mutations that could lead to diseases. Government agencies, such as the GAO or FTC, claim that these companies are “mislead[ing] consumers by making predictions that are medically unproven and so ambiguous that they do not provide meaningful information to consumers1.” The companies would argue that the purpose for the DNA sequencing is to give insight to possibilities that could affect the future health of its customers and would say that they aren’t giving a diagnosis of any diseases or cancers. Of course, the beneficial use of this technology to the government in fighting crime isn’t related to their stance on how non-meaningful their medical advice is.

In the video, Personal DNA Testing, Neil Tyson states “knowing our genetic risk for disease will actually lead us to longer, healthier lives” (Tyson). However, there are various negative and positive factors of genetic testing that make it questionable. For example, individuals that are aware of hereditary diseases should consider this type of tool, so they can prevent it. On the other hand, people do not know if the results will be accurate because error is possible. It is important to research this type of test before requesting approval.

This article shows just how beneficial genetic sequencing is and will be as more advancements are made. This tragic and unfortunate disease led the Might's without answers for years solely because genetic sequencing was expensive and uncommon. The field of pediatric genetics will now be able to make a diagnosis and recommend proper follow-up care as genetic sequencing becomes more available. In addition, having genetic sequencing more readily available should, in the long run, reduce the total number of individuals born with birth/health defects. This may be due to a few reasons such as either not having children due to incompatible genes or choosing other means to reproduce. Prenatal screening and pre-conception counseling will now be I believe

This would mean that this testing would be more affordable for the commoner. Once testing has been completed and data interpreted, someone will know if they are a carrier for a genetic disorder. If it turns out that they are, instead of waiting for symptoms to arise, genetic treatment of the disease can be done to save the person’s life before it is even in jeopardy. This could prove to be very helpful. People spend thousands of dollars on treatments for a genetic disorder, and the treatments do not even fully rid the patient of the disease. The patient will have to take the medication for the rest of their life to calm the symptoms of that disease. With the advancement of gene therapy, a patient could receive a minimal number of treatments which will not just calm the symptoms but rid the patient of their genetic disorder completely. This, in the long run, could save the patient time, money, suffering, and ultimately it will save their life. This is only the beginning. As time passes, doctors will have the knowledge to save many more lives in the same manner.