GEOGRAPHICAL ROUTING IN WIRELESS AD-HOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS INTRODUCTION: From the past years, there has been a rapid growth in the field of wireless communication for the need of connectivity. The main reason behind this growth is excessive data exchange rate through wireless data networks such as internet services, telephones, etc. The quality of service and throughput of these wireless networks has got very strong impact on man’s day to day life. Two of those most important wireless networks which are universally used today are Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Ad-hoc networks are infrastructure less and self-adaptable wireless networks. In this networks no node is an access point and Sensor networks is more or less considered as an Ad …show more content…
Ad-hoc networks are said to be temporary because of the fact that they can be deployed very easily without the dependence on the pre-existing infrastructure. They have ability to change the routes of the data at a rapid speed and the routing from source to destination often includes multi-hops. Wireless Sensor Networks: Wireless sensor networks consists of large number of sensors which are distributed densely and partially. There are numerous number of small sensor nodes which are self-restrained which consists of sensors which performs according to the environmental conditions. Wireless sensor networks are often referred to as self-adaptable or self-organizing and self-mending or self-healing networks. The self-organizing property of the network facilitates for a node to join the network without any intervention automatically. The nodes in a network can reconstruct their link organizations and can form an alternative paths whenever a node in that link fails or gets damaged. The implementation of these two properties are very precise to the network topology and the network characteristics like scalability, cost, performance and various other issues are decided by the implementation capability of the properties. The sensor nodes in the wireless sensor networks does not require any engineering and are easily deployable. The sensor nodes often with multi hop connections are responsible for
A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further
A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain multiple types of memory (program, data and flash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14]. Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.
Abstract - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of several tiny, low-cost, resource constrained sensor nodes. These nodes are placed in harsh environments and generally are used for air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring and more. Routing is difficult in such surroundings primarily due to the unique constraints the wireless sensor networks suffer from. Wireless sensor network is highly dynamic, making existing routing protocols ineffective. This paper concentrates on energy efficiency of the protocols. Both the protocol presented are hierarchical and cluster based. Both have sensor nodes and a base station (BS). The BS selects the Cluster Heads (CH) among themselves. CH is the elected sensor node which passes on the sensor data collected by sensor nodes of its cluster to either BS or other CH. All candidate nodes for becoming CH are listed, based on the various factors like relative distance of the candidate node from the Base Station, outstanding energy level, possible number of neighboring sensor nodes the
Mobile ad hoc network is dynamic network topology without any central network for control. All the nodes in the network participate in networking functions like routing and packet forwarding as per the requirement. Nodes which are in direct contact with each other communicate with single hop and those which are not in range takes multiple hops through intermediate nodes to reach destination
Wireless sensor nodes[2] have limited resources such as limited memory and limited power. There is unreliable communication in wireless sensor network that leads to threat to sensor security. The security of network depend on communication which relies on protocol.
Development in Wireless Communication and networking has led to development of many applications like Bluetooth, Near Field Communications and Wireless Sensor Networks. A wireless sensor network is essentially a network of nodes which consist of a power supply, sensors which usually sense the ambient conditions and processors for storing and processing information collected and a transceiver unit which is used to transmit and receive information from other nodes. In addition it might have a GPS system which provides location based services. This Wireless Sensor network is divided into 3 main parts: Bottom nodes, cluster heads and network coordinators. The data collected by a node is transmitted to its cluster head, in turn, the data collected by the cluster head is sent to the network coordinator and data at the network coordinator can be sent to nearby clusters using a router and internet.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a group of sensor nodes able to sense, measure and, gather information from the surroundings, and transmit and receive data from the user. These sensor nodes are equipped with sensors, a processor, memory, power supply, and a radio or a RF module. The sensing part of the sensor node determines the application where it will be
a mobile Ad Hoc Network(manet), also known wireless Ad Hoc Network or Ad Hoc wireless network, self configuring, infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected wirelessly. in network routing is the process of moving packets across the network from one host to another. it is usually done by dedicated devices called routers. packets are the basic unit of information transport in all modern computer networks, progressively in other Communications networks as well.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of distributed sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or detect dimensions, to pass their data through the network to a base station for processing. Advantages of WSN over a wired system considered in elimination of wiring cost, sensors can be installed in harsh environments. Each sensor node is a combination of Radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna micro-controller, electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors, energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. Drawback of using sensors is having limited power to consume, a memory that is
Ad hoc networks consist of a set of self-organized of mobile nodes which cooperate using a routing protocol to facilitate the communication. They have become very popular in recent years due to their characteristics: easy deployment, lack of infrastructure, dynamic topology, mobility and minimum commissioning costs.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, humidity, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The WSN is built of nodes from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting [23].
The collection of sensor nodes by enabling cooperation, coordination and collaboration among sensor nodes is formed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN); the WSN consists of multiple autonomous nodes with a base station.
In ad-hoc wireless network, mobile nodes are connected by wireless links. The network is an autonomous and self-configured. It doesn’t have fixed infrastructure or centralized management. The mobile nodes in network are free to move from one place to another. Each node has transmitter and receiver which is used to send and receives the data and communicates with other nodes which are in their communication range. If any node wants to forward packet to the node which is out of range, co-operation of other nodes required; this is known as multi-hop communication. In multi-hop communication message send and received by various intermediate nodes. The network topology frequently changes due to the mobility of nodes as they move within, move into, or move out of the network. In recent years, the ad-hoc wireless network rapidly increases being used in various applications i.e. military purpose, civilian and commercial uses without the fixed infrastructure and human interference.
nowadays sensors are anywhere. We take it for granted, however there are sensors in our cars, in our clever telephones, in factories controlling CO2 emissions, and even inside the ground tracking soil conditions in vineyards. while evidently sensors were around for a while, research on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) commenced returned within the Eighties and it's miles only in view that 2001 that WSNs generated an elevated hobby from commercial and research perspectives. This is due to the supply of less expensive, low powered miniature additives like processors, radios and sensors that have been regularly included on a unmarried chip (system on a chip (SoC)).
The mobile computing technology is an emerging technology, which consist of wireless sensor networks. The wireless sensor is the smallest unit of a network and some of the features supports large scale deployment, mobility, reliability and other applications. According to (Hoon-Jae, 2011), the main goals of WSNs are to deploy a number sensor devices over an unattended area and transmit to certain locations.