George Mackaness: The Inactivation Of Macrophages

We studied the correlation between the micro-vascular density and type of cells “benign and malignant”: We noticed the higher vascularity of cases of cystitis, compared to the vascularity of malignant tumors, this could be explained by the higher vascularity of the active cells, edema, inflammatory infiltrate and vascular congestion during the inflammatory process.

A. Compare and contrast afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels. Describe in one way in which they are similar and one way they are different.

Red and white blood cells are the two types of blood cells in the human body. Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body which is transferred through the bloodstream. It moves oxygen into the body and then removes it. They are absorbed through its haemoglobin.

Neutrophils and wandering macrophages (originating form monocytes) were most likely the WBCs that phagocytized the tissues and pathogens early in Ed's infection. They gather at sites of infection or inflammation by means of emigration. They are

Give the title of the presentation, name of the presenter, and when and where you attended the presentation (2 points).

Langerhan’s cells are macrophages that activate immune response. The immune system is activated through the epidermis from the bone marrow. The langerhan’s cells branch out and form a network around the keratinocytes. They are found in abundance in the stratum spinosum, but found in other parts of the epidermis.

Inflamed tissues from Ulcerative Colitis (UC) patients show increased oxidative and nitrosative damage, leading to accumulation of mutations and dysplastic progression27,28. Infiltrating leukocytes from these patients have increased ROS production in basal conditions and in response to different ligands29. Since TLR4 mediates ROS production in leukocytes22, it is easy to speculate that immune cells drive pro-tumorigenic effects of TLR4. However, bone marrow-transfer experiments in our lab demonstrate that non-immune TLR4 participates in development of neoplasia8. Furthermore, we have shown that epithelial TLR4 activation predisposes to colitis and CAC6. To understand the role of epithelial TLR4 in neoplasia, our research has focused on the

Monoclonal mouse anti-human CD68 labels human monocytes and macrophages. CD68 molecule was present on patient intrafollicular tonsil macrophages, distinguished by the brown colour.

There are many different abnormal cells that occur in breast cancer patients, but some of the most common are interleukins. In normal patients, IL-2 cells cause proliferation of the T cells as well as differentiation of cytostatic T-lymphocytes, but in breast cancer patients the abnormal cell interferes will cell mediated immunity response. IL-6 cells are fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes, but in cancer patients they promote tumor growth by upregulating antiapoptotic and angiogenic proteins in the tumor cells. IL-8 cells are a key factor in the inflammatory response, but in breast cancer

The cancer cells had spread into the dermis and even into the subcutaneous layer of the skin. The cells with pleomorphic nuclei that were in the epidermis were surrounding the main tumor. Since the cancer had reached this stage, the immune system was actively trying to fight this disease.6 The lymphocytes were producing antibodies to combat the cancer cells which were considered as a threat to the body. They were also trying to get rid of the foreign tissue that might be present.

The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.

Sepsis is a systemic over response of the immune system, due to an infection that the body tries to fight. This leads to reduced blood flow to vital organs such as the kidneys and the heart, which often results in multiple organ failure with the possibility of death.

As the world continues to suffer from these devastating diseases, researchers continue to find alternative therapeutic ways of addressing cancer treatment. It is on this premise that various immunotherapeutic alternatives have emerged and currently garnering the greatest level of attention and already raising hope throughout the world in addressing the treatment of NSCLC. However, this can no longer be viewed as a discovery but a wave in the medicine world that began in the 20th century. Various researchers have found the importance of the role of immune systems in fighting the growth of tumor caused by cancer cells. A study by Huncharek (2000) stated that specific immune boosters are capable of eliminating preclinical cancers. In contrast, Jermal et al. (2011) found that immunotherapy is an effective approach for the treatment of tumors that have already turned into solid. Similarly, the researchers highlighted that immunotherapy can be an effective approach to the treatment of melanoma as well as renal cell cancers (Lasalvia-Prisco, 2008). However, Jemal et al. (2011) noted that immunotherapy cannot achieve much in cancer treatment due to limitation brought about by the emission of immunosuppressive cytokines and subsequent loss of antigen expressions. Recent development in research studies on the immunotherapy approach to cancer treatment continues to elicit mixed reactions among researchers of medicinal ecology (Jadad et al., 1996). However, recent development in

Popularized in the 1960s, the term lifecourse is adapted from modern sociology and refers to “the study of biography, of history and of the problems of their intersection within social structure” (Mills, 1959, p. 149). The aim of studying the lifecourse is to gain an understanding of how development and ageing within different historical and geographical contexts affects a person’s life (Elder, et al., 2006), focusing on the cultural aspects of an individual’s maturation. This term is different from lifecycle, which emphasises the biological development of an individual, not the social aspects that parallel their physical maturation and are culturally specific. Early examples of the lifecourse approach centred on intergenerational relationships within the family cycle with children maturing, marrying and becoming parents, thus starting the cycle again (Glick, 1947; Hill, 1970).

The immune system takes around 14 days to completely fight of Streptococcus pyogenes or better known as strep throat. The bacterium normally goes through the mouth most are wiped out by stomach acid juices and by lysozymes in the saliva, which damages the outer layer of the bacteria. The microbes that are able to escape from IgA antibody in saliva attached themselves in the throat. By the time microbes enter the blood phagocytosis, which ingest bacteria, becomes useless since then the microbes secretes toxic towards that defense. As the microbes increases, so do macrophages and dendritic cells begin to destroy the bacteria. Macrophages ingest foreign particles in the bloodstream. By this time B cells produce antibodies, which attack the