Germ Line Mutation Essay

Age: Breast cancer incidence increases with age, it doubles about every 10 years until the menopause, after which the rate of increase slows dramatically.

1. What is a mutation? A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

I was reading an article titled "Breast Cancer: Predicting Individual Risk", it is written about a doctor at the mayo clinic in Rochester, MN. "He is widely regarded as the one of the international leaders in the genomics of breast cancer." He says, " Two women with the same high-risk mutation in a breast cancer gene- and thus the same sixty-five percent lifetime risk of breast cancer- could, in fact, have very different outcomes. Depending on how the other 20,000 odd-genes in her genome might be acting in the background, one woman may develop breast cancer at an earlier age, and the other might not even get it (p. 1-2)". He is studying to give women the best information on their genes as possible. Doctors are learning way more about this disease than other doctors in the past which is in return helping woman of all ethnicities with their road to recovery and healing processes. Young states, "According to the American Cancer Society about 230,500 women in the United States have been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer this year. Nearly 40,000 women are expected to die from this cancer this year. Only lung cancer causes more cancer deaths in women (Young, 2011, p. 1)". That is still a big number of women that do

Breast Cancer affects one in eight of American women, and is the second most common cause of cancer death in America. I chose to write my term paper on breast cancer because it is a disease that has effected some members of my family. Due to this possibly inherited condition, I felt that researching the topic would help me learn ways to prevent the disease and educate myself to perform self-exams that may result in early detection.

Mutations happen to many organisms. I for one am a mutation. A mutation is when a gene that is added or detached from the DNA sequence. For example my mutation happened in my eyes one of the genes detached or stopped

For most male patients presenting to practitioners with a breast lesion, the diagnosis will likely be benign. In the event that the patient may have breast cancer, there are specific risk factors to consider. The family history is an important factor when determining a patient’s risk not only in female breast cancer, but males as well. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes work to restore damaged DNA and prevent them from developing atypically. The BRCA2 mutation is a genetic factor that increases this likelihood of

People who are more likely to develop breast cancer, but what percent of them actually will be diagnosed with breast cancer.

breast cancer from twenty five to thirty percent and women age forty the data states a

Many men and women are facing what we call the era of cancer. Cancer is now one of the most deadly diseases in world, without proper treatment, someone can die within just a couple weeks, month or years. Cancer cannot be labelled as one disease because there are many different assortments with this sickness. The world’s oldest documented case of cancer is 3500 years old, it was recorded on a papyrus, documenting eight cases of breast cancer. With this discovery, physicians could all join hand in hand to help find a solution for this disease. Throughout the years of finding, what is now one of the most deadly diseases in the world, doctors and scientist are working day and night around the clock to make sure patients are being

Problem: Breast Cancer Incidence Rates have been on the rise since 1975 and so has the cost of treatment which has come with it. (Preventative)

According to the American Cancer Society, Each year, more than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer; furthermore Twelve percent of all women will contract the disease, and 3.5% of them will die from breast cancer (American Cancer Society, 2005). There are risk factors that may lead to breast cancer. There are 4 stages of breast cancer and several treatments, although treatments vary from types and stages of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women who are 40 to 55 years old (Breast Cancer, 2009).Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. It changes from a normal cell to cancerous cells that require gene alterations. Therefore the altered genes and the uncontrolled growth may lead to tumors.

have a greater risk of developing breast cancer or other cancers as such. Thus, the findings of this

The term breast cancer represents the process in which abnormal cells in the breast(s) grow uncontrollably. (Cancer Australia 2016) The most common risk factors in relation to breast cancer consist of; being a woman, your family history, age, genetics, personal medical history, radiation, breast changes, ethnicity, weight and pregnancy history. In the year 2015, 15,740 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed, and 3065 deaths occurred (Breast Screen Australia 2016).

So what does the word mutations mean? According to the world dictionary it means “a sudden departure from the parent type in one or more heritable characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome” (Dictionary.com, 2016). Mutation is a natural process that

Although breast cancer may occur at a higher rate in older women; everyone should know their family cancer history. For instance, genetics can play a role in developing this disease, as well as some inherited genes. Additionally, having a family history of breast cancer can double the risk of