Gestational Diabetes Among Women

Weight gain due to unhealthy diets and lack of exercise is the main cause of the older generation contracting Type 2 Diabetes due to lack of mobility. Individuals could have lack of mobility for many reasons including weight gain, arthritis and due to their bodies ageing. I believe that the older generation are always going to be the higher percentage of individuals contracting Type 2 Diabetes, however in 2013/14 19.1% of children ages 10-11 were obese. If this continues then children will be at a higher risk of contracting diseases such as heart disease and diabetes (NOO, 2015). Within the UK around 31,500 children under the age of 19 have diabetes, around 95.1% have type 1 diabetes. Many children are diagnosed between the ages of 9 and 14 years of age, the prevalence rate of Type 1 Diabetes in children and young people is 187.8 per 100,000 (Facts and Stats, 2015). It could be suggested that children and young people are not participating in as much exercise as they should be and are not eating the correct foods, this could be due to snacking on sugary

Type-2 diabetes is a concerning even more, its an increasing issue in our New Zealand community. In 2006 the Ministry of Social Development surveyed a sample of male, female adults and children to see what percentage of them were classified as obese. In 2006-2007 at least 25% of the sample of adults were classified as obese whereas 6-8% of children were also classified. By 2013/2014 there was a 3.3 percentage increase in male samples and a 2.8 percent increase in the female sample of classified obesity. The sample of children all together increased by 8.0-8.8 percent. This shows us that gradually the communities classified obesity rate is increasing. Obesity is found to be a link to increasing the risk of developing type-2 diabetes. 90% of diabetic patients are classified as obese. It is evident that as the obesity rate has raised in New Zealand so has the risk of type-2 diabetes.

Diabetes has been established to be more precarious for women, as it can augment pregnancy complications such as macrosomia, miscarriage, and birth defects. Women with diabetes also have a higher prevalence of secondary cardiovascular disease. Among those women who continue in the spiral of diabetes complications, ischemic heart disease is an even greater complication which will reduce survival and quality of life (Beckles and Thompson-Reid, 2011). Pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in their lifetime. It has been proven that an average of 25 percent of pregnant women with GDM will be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within an average of seven years (Sokup, Ruszkowska-Ciatec, Walentowicz, Grabiec & Rose, 2014). In such women, blood glucose and triglyceride levels must be monitored closely, and appropriate action and referrals are given if needed for proper disease management.

According to CDC, approximately 92.5 percentage of women around the world have type II diabetes. Women with diabetes face tough complications such as more chance of heart failure disease, depression, hypertension, eating disorder, and eventually death. A women's sexual health can also be disturbed, for example, if a diabetic woman wants to have a baby, she must maintain her health by doing low-impact activities, join special classes, constantly check the blood sugar level, and importantly, control the diet and be cautious (CDC,

Research has shown that one of the risk factors of Type II diabetics among this population is sedentary life style and unhealthy eating habits food rich in high calories, saturated fats, and carbohydrates (Ayach & Korda, 2010). These changes in life style in turn cause obesity which

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy. Diabetes means your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Your body uses glucose for energy. Too much glucose in your blood is not good for a mother or her baby.

The hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy lead to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which causes some women to develop diabetes when their pancreatic function is not sufficient. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset of pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States is between 1.5% to 15%. GDM tends to occur more frequently inAfrican American and Hispanic women . GDM is the most common co-morbidity during pregnancy and its prevalence is on the rise likely due to a parallel increase in obesity. Women diagnosed with GDM are at increased risk for obstetric complications, and higher higher rates of fetal morbidity and mortality.

* Patients with impaired glucose tolerance are managed at the direction of the physician. In general, no treatment is given to elderly people, but diet and weight reduction are advised in younger subjects. Dietary factors also influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in excess is associated with an increased risk. The type of fats in the diet is also important, with saturated fats and trans fatty acids increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and rnonounsaturated fat decreasing the risk. Eating lots of white rice appears to also play a role in increasing risk. Nutrition recommendations for a healthy lifestyle for the general public are also appropriate for persons with type 2 diabetes. Because many persons with type 2 diabetes are overweight and insulin resistant, medical nutrition therapy should emphasize lifestyle changes that result in reduced energy intake and increased energy expenditure through physical activity. Many people with diabetes also have dyslipidemia and hypertension, making reductions in dietary intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium desirable. Therefore, the emphasis of nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes is on lifestyle strategies to reduce glycemia, dyslipidemia, and blood pressure. These strategies should be implemented as soon as the diagnosis of diabetes is made.

An increased amount of lifestyle variations over the recent years has led to the prevalence of a serious health condition known as Metabolic Syndrome. The major factors associated to its increase have been associated with the altered lifestyle patterns such as dietary habits, increased amount of energy-dense foods in diet and decreased physical activities. Numerous expert panels have studied the progression of this syndrome along with other associated risk factors like obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases. Majorly, impaired glucose tolerance was one determining factor observed with any one of the following other factors responsible for progression of Metabolic Syndrome, which were: elevated blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol levels, abdominal obesity and microalbuminuria. Consequently, cardiovascular disease risk

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the category of DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the woman. If a woman is to be high-risk to have diabetes at the first prenatal visit; they should receive a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get

This paper will focus on gestational diabetes. I will discuss its incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, maternal and fetal

Obesity is one of the major contributing factors that leads to type 2 diabetes (Golya, 2005). The author found that an increase in fatness, especially abdominal, is associated with insulin resistance, which can result in hyperglycemia and hence diabetes. To grasp a greater understanding of the way in which type 2 diabetes is developed, the causality of social determinates must be identified. It is known that there is a strong link between a person’s social status (or gradient) and the likelihood of becoming obese and then developing diabetes (Turrell and Vandevijvere, 2015; Drewnowski and Darmon, 2005). Research has demonstrated that people of a lower social gradient are less likely to eat fruits, vegetables, fish, grains and low fat diary

The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is growing worldwide. One to fourteen percent of women in pregnancy are affected by DM I. Due to increased incidence and proposed lowering of the thresholds for diagnosis the health care cost of GDM can be expected to rise proportionately. The discussion of whether a benefit exists to the treatment of GDM assumes greater importance now than in the past (Landon, 2010).

In the 2010 census, 42.0 million people, approximately 14 percent of the U.S. population, identified themselves as black or African American. African American (AA) experience higher prevalence of many diseases, disability, death, and injury (cdc 1). It is observed that AA females are more likely to suffer from obesity, diabetes and heart diseases more than their White counterparts. Among AA females aged 2–19 years old, 24% are considered obese compared to 14% whites. A similar pattern was reported among women older than 20 years of age showing that 51% of AA women are obese compared to 33% of their counterpart White women. (1) The prevalence of obesity was inversely associated with the family income among Whites of all age groups. This was not the case in AA females, a higher prevalence of obesity was observed within most family income categories. (1) African American women also experience the highest rate of type 2 diabetes, especially those who are overweight or obese. Among AA females 65-74 years of age, it is reported that one in four women has diabetes. Since Diabetes is closely associated with obesity, primary prevention measures should include changes in the adverse behavioral lifestyle such as physical inactivity and poor diet ( Huff text book p 250-251). It is also noted that African American women with diabetes experience greater odds of disability than those without diabetes ( Thorpe 4). In addition, the rates of diseases that may lead to disabilities are more

There have been several studies done on the effects of diet and exercise in controlling diabetes. The key words used were diet, exercise and type 2 diabetes mellitus, hemoglobin A1c and diabetic complication prevention. The studies were all searched through database from GCU online library, science direct, google scholar CINAHL and Medline. Many of the