Ghan A Global Village, Every Country Has Its Own Currency

Page 3: Introduction to the Financial System Page 7: Commercial Banks Page 12: The Share Market and the Corporation Page 15: Corporations Issuing Equity into the Share Market Page 19: Investors in the Share Market Page 24: Short-term Debt Page 28: Medium- to Long-term Debt Page 32: Interest Rate Determination and Forecasting Page 37: The Foreign Exchange Market Page 40: Factors that Influence the Exchange Rate Page 42: Futures Contracts and Forward Rate Agreements Page 47: Options

Currency exchange rates can be categorised as floating, in which case they constantly change based on a number of factors, or they can subsequently be fixed to another currency, where they still float, but they additionally move in conjunction with the currency to which they are pegged. Floating rates are a reflection of market movement, demonstrating the principles of both demand and supply, as well as limit imbalances in the international financial system. Fixed exchange rates are predominantly used by developing countries as they are preferred for their greater stability. They grant further control to central banks to set currency values, and are often used to evade market abuse. (MacEachern, A. 2008; Simmons, P.

Exchange rates play a pivotal role in the relationships between individual economies and the global economy. Almost all financial flows are processed through the exchange rate, as a result the movements and fluctuations of the exchange have a significant impact on international competitiveness, trade flows, investment decisions and many other factors within the economy. Due to the increasing globalisation of the world economy, trade and financial flows are becoming more accessible

In the dynamic global market, companies of all sizes, whether small, medium or transnationals interact with foreign companies and in most cases operate with currencies that are different from those that they commonly use. Foreign companies use foreign currencies for their expenditures, hedging strategies, and investing and financing activities. As a result these business activities must be reflected on the financial statements in the corporation’s reporting currency. FASB 52 and IAS 21 provide the appropriate guidance on the consideration of which functional currency should be implemented by the foreign subsidiaries. This case focuses in Sparkle a Nigerian subsidiary of a

In the similar time period Japanese Yen has been in the third position with a turnover position of 20.8% in the year 2005. The overall financial market currency structure has seen a decline in the turnover position of the US Dollar to 85% from a strong position of 88%. Similarly a decline has been in the position of the Japanese Yen to 17.2% from an acceptable turnover position of 20.8%. While considering the trend of these two currencies during the period starting from 2007 and ending at 2010, it is to be noted that minute changes were seen in the two different currencies with regards to their share in foreign currency market. The US Dollar witnessed a continued fall to 84.9% from its previous 85.6% however, the Japanese Yen saw a rise from its previous position of 17.2% to an increase of1.8% that is 19%. During the same time period the US dollar and Japanese Yen were the second most traded paired currencies and was traded at around 14% of the overall foreign currency market second to the US Dollar and Euro pair. Conclusion The foreign exchange market has seen considerable changes owing to the global financial crisis. It is to be seen how different factors like economy and global politics further impact strong currencies like the US Dollar and other competing currencies such as the Japanese Yen.

In every country of the world, exchange rate level is the paramount target of economic policy targeting. In other words, exchange rate policy should be geared towards the attainment of long-term equilibrium rate, so as to achieve certain macro-economic objectives e.g. balance of payments equilibrium, through proper management of the Nigerian exchange rate policy. The country started operating the floating exchange rate system in 1986 after the introduction of SAP. It was expected that the country experience development but the reverse was the case because the country suffered consistent hopeless development situation as her naira depreciates often against other foreign currencies, especially the dollars which was universally accepted as the global medium of exchange. Before the floating system was introduced, $1=NO.89 but after that in 1966 we have $1=N22.05 and even today we have $1=N150.7 .This is quite disheartening, regardless of the effort of the government of Nigeria through the activities of the regulatory body such as the establishment of second tier foreign exchange market (SFEM) in 1986 and interbank foreign exchange market (IFEM) in 1989 and currently the foreign exchange market (AFEM) in 1995.

During the second half of 1997, currencies and stock market prices plunged in value across Southeast Asia, beginning in

Stanek, M. B. (2002). A review of exchange rate policies and their effect upon nations and

The United States of America has enjoyed the strongest economy on the face of earth for quite a long time (Index Mundi, 2012). It has also enjoyed the portion of eminence on political platform. Having owned the valuable resources, the economy has gained high importance for both developing and developed nations. The currency of USD is assumed to be the common medium of transaction at international level and it is also a benchmark to calculate the value of other currencies.

Kenya is the regional leader in East Africa and this position is expected to be a constant over time. The economy is fairly diversified with a strong and well developed services sector. The financial services industry in particular is well developed and established, moreso the country is considered East and Central Africa’s hub for financial services.

In the world, every country has its own level of production and consumption of goods and services called the economy. The economic activities allow each country to have its currency valued against other currencies and this is called exchange rate. When you borrow money, there is a charge that you pay in return on top of the borrowed amount called interest. Interest is usually calculated as per annum and it influences exchange rates.

During the celebration of Ghana’s 50th anniversary in 2007, UT won a Gold Award for contribution to the Social and Economic Development of Ghana. For two years running UT Bank was recognized as the fifth best company in the Ghana Club 100 having won the Best Non-Bank Financial Institution (2008, 2005, 2004 and 2003) by the Ghana Investment Promotion Center (GIPC) in its Club 100 rankings which represent the top 100 companies in Ghana.

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Accounting and Finance

Department of Banking and Finance, Midlands State University, P Bag 9055, Senga, Gweru. 2 Department of Banking, National University of Science and Technology P O Box AC939, Ascot Bulawayo. 3 Department of Banking, National University of Science and Technology P O Box AC939,

Positions and opinions taken by scholars especially within Africa brings to limelight the fact that currency devaluation and fuel subsidy removal may serve as instrument being implemented by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank to attain fiscal equalization and stability for developed countries,