Giant Cell Tumor Case Study

This cancer is a bone cancer that attack the bones, especially large bones. This cancer is named osteogenic sarcoma(Osteosarcoma) for medical term (“Osteosarcoma”, n.d.). Osteosarcoma mostly affects people under 25 years old, and it can affect old people but it is really rare(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012). When this cancer attacks, it grows bones, and any type of bone (“Bone cancer”,2013). This cancer is an ancient disease that we started to recognize in 1805. Most of the symptoms are on the bones (“Bone cancer”,2013). It also is not contagious so its not passed from person to person like other diseases.

The tumor board conference I attended was held on Tuesday March 27, 2018 at 7:00 AM, at Northwest Community Hospital. The pathology for the patient I chose was an atypical carcinoid in her lungs.

Osteosarcoma is an ancient disease that still has some mystery behind it. Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the bones. It is also the most common type of bone cancer, and makes up 65% of all bone cancer. However, it is a very rare cancer and has fewer than 20,000 cases per year in The USA. The cells that form an osteosarcoma make bone matrix, similar to osteoblasts. However, the bone matrix of an osteosarcoma is not as strong as a bone matrix from an osteoblast, and therefore is not as strong as normal bones. The most common age group affected by osteosarcoma is children and young adults. However, osteosarcoma can occur at any age. Osteosarcoma is most commonly found in areas of the bone that grow quickly, which is why children are more likely to get this type of cancer. The most common place to find osteosarcoma is the end of long bones, especially in the knee, distal femur, and proximal tibia. The proximal humerus is typically the most common site. The treatments of

Many people suffer from all types of cancer like, leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, malignant mesothelioma and so much more. These types of cancers are very common and are usually found and treated as soon as possible. Despite the fact that technology and medicine has advanced in many ways, Clear cell sarcoma is still a puzzle to most doctors.

Solid tumors can be either malignant or benign. Malignant solid tumors are cancerous, while benign solid tumors are not. The names of solid tumors vary depending on the cells or tissues that from them. Examples of solid tumors include sarcomas (connective tissues e.g. fat cells, muscles, nerves, tendons etc), carcinomas (begin in tissues that lines the internal surface of the body and body organs e.g. breast, lung, prostrate, and colon), Lymphomas (affects the immune system).

Cancer results from abnormal, unregulated cell growth which can create physiological impairments in body tissues (1). Two adverse characteristics of cancer cells include the ability to invade other tissues and the inability to die (2). Cells generally become cancerous due to changes in gene expression and subsequent errors in protein function (2). These faults in genes and physiology can be caused by mutations which can result from exposure to carcinogens. One of the most common substances associated with carcinogens (though not carcinogenic itself) that promotes cancerous growth is nicotine (3). Nicotine has been shown to stimulate growth, promote the creation of blood vessels (angiogenesis), and prevent cell death through nicotinic acetycholine receptors (nAChRs)(3). In mice, for example, nicotine increased levels of angiogenesis by altering mechanisms involved in a heightened response of the COX-2, prostacyclin, VEGFR-2, MMPs, uPA, and e-NOS protein activity (3). These increases in cell sensitivity to these particular factors stimulated by nicotine promoted cell growth and migration to other tissues (3).

On April 14, 2012, my husband was diagnosed with a Glioma Brain Tumor. Even three and a half years after his diagnosis, I still don’t really know much about Gliomas, so I have decided to research this topic.

Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common form of skin cancer. It occurs from exposure from the sunlight (ultraviolet radiation) along with smoking tobacco, chronic non-healing wounds, artificial UV radiation, certain genetic symptoms. Squamous cell carcinoma is usually treated with surgical excisions, electrodessication and Mohs surgery. There are nonsurgical options also which include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immune response topical modifiers and photodynamic therapy. Squamous cell carcinoma is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells arising in the squamous cells which are found in the skin upper layers (epidermis). It is mainly caused by an increase in quantity of UV exposure in a lifetime and long-term exposure to chemicals

There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton; these bones relate to movement, posture, and protect internal organs (American society of Clinical Oncology, 2012).Bones connect to bones with ligaments and are covered and protected by cartilage (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012).Cancer of the bone is rare but is caused by normal bone marrow and tissues inside the bone that change and form tumors(American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The tumor happens in the bone and is benign it does not spread (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The benign tumor can press against surrounding tissues and weaken the bone it it grows big enough (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Malignant bone tumors break the surrounding tissue and cortex, hard covering of the bone (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The tumor can then get into the bloodstream and spread all over the body (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Osteosarcoma and ewing sarcoma are the two most common type of bone cancer (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Chondrosarcoma is more common in adults and is cancer of the cartilage (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). The last type of bone cancer is chordoma which usually starts in the lower spinal cord (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012). Ewing sarcoma is a type of bone cancer that affects the hip, rib, and middle of bone most often (National Cancer Institution, 2015). Ewing

The tumors resolve once the abnormal metabolic condition is controlled. Most patients are treated before orthopedic problems develop.” ("Brown Tumor", p. 1). So there is no medication for Brown Tumors because the tumor is very powerful even though you're taking medication for your bones. What has to be done so that the tumor won’t affect your bone is that the tumor has to be removed from where it is growing. Once the tumor is removed from your body it stops sending the hormones to the bone and the bone stops sending out the calcium to your blood. Then the doctors can give you calcium and vitamins to bring back your bones, to make them stronger. One little detail you can’t take calcium and vitamins when the process of the tumor is happening because then the calcium of your blood will get even higher and that is not a good sing, so wait until the tumor is out and then take the calcium and vitamins that the doctor provides for

Osteosarcomas are primary malignant tumors of the bone characterized by the production of osteoid or immature bone by malignant cells. Although uncommon in general, they are the most common primary malignancy of bone in children and adolescents, and the fifth most common malignancy among adolescents and young adults age 15–19 years old. There is a bimodal age distribution of osteosarcoma incidence, with peaks in early adolescence and in adults over the age of 65. In children, the majority of cases are sporadic, while in older adults, about one third of the cases arise in the setting of Paget disease of the bone. Risk factors include prior irradiation or chemotherapy, Paget disease and other benign bone lesions, and inherited conditions. The majority of patients with osteosarcoma present with localized pain over several months’ duration. The pain commonly begins after an injury and may wax and wane over time. The most important finding on physical examination is a soft tissue mass, which may be large and tender to palpation. Osteosarcomas are commonly found in the metaphyseal region of the long bones, most commonly the distal femur and proximal tibia. Laboratory evaluation may find elevations in alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Characteristic features found on plain radiographs include destruction of the normal trabecular bone pattern, indistinct margins, and lack of endosteal bone

Osteoclastomas are usually treated by removal through surgery. In some cases, the tumor may be located in an area too dangerous to perform

Osteosarcoma, deriving form primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells, is the most common primary bone malignancy[1]. The incidence rates of osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution. It typically occurs during adolescence and has the second peak in older adulthood[2]. There is variability in location between age groups, but usually the osteosarcoma occurs most frequently in long bones. The etiology of osteosarcoma is currently being studied but still not well understood[3]. Several studies showed that age, gender and height are risk factors for osteosarcoma[4]. The overall survival (OS) of osteosarcoma has been improved significantly because of effective chemotherapy combination[5]. Studies showed that complete surgical resection with addition of chemotherapy has increased the 5-year OS to approximately 70%[5], but improvements in osteosarcoma survival during the last decade have been limited[6].

Tumors are one of the most feared diseases of our time. Many people upon hearing the word “tumor” immediately resonate to the conclusion of it being cancer, which is not necessarily true. Tumors fall into to two main types, benign and malignant. Although they are considerably different in tissue invasion, their nature that makes them distinct and symptoms, they are also quite similar in the way they recur in the same location, growth size and their health risks.

Bone cancer is a disease that occurs on or inside a bone. Usually, bone cancer involves a tumor filled with abnormal cells that will occasionally appear on the exterior of the bone. Similar to other types of cancer, bone cancer can be life threatening. Doctors are not completely sure what causes cancer, but they continue the search to find an answer. There are five different types of bone cancer that can affect people from ages 10-60 years old. Bone cancer can occur in any bone in the body from the legs to the head. Unfortunately, symptoms of bone cancer are not always obvious. Most of the time, pain is the most apparent symptom. When recognizing symptoms at an early stage, doctors can complete testing and supply treatment to