Glioma Research Paper

This year it is estimated that roughly 24,000 adults in the United States alone will be diagnosed with primary cancerous tumors of the brain or spinal cord (Brain Tumor: Statistics) . Brain related cancers are the 2nd leading cause of death for men up to age 39 and women up to age 20 (Brain Tumor Primer) . There are two types of tumors, benign and malignant. Each tumor has a different possible treatment method. Malignant tumors may require surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, while benign tumors may only require surgery. There are also various clinical trials for malignant tumors, one of which involves combining the chemotherapy medication temozolomide with radiation therapy to treat the tumor, or at the very least slow the growth

In a recent issue of Science Translational Medicine, researchers at Johns Hopkins University have described how to combine two forms of cancer treatment, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, to improve the outcome of glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer. In experiments on mice, the researchers showed that chemotherapy delivered locally to the brain rather than systemically can preserve the strength of the immune system and allow for the use of immunotherapy.

Glioblastoma(GB) is the most common primary malignant solid brain tumor in adults1. Known for its aggressive characteristics and poor prognosis, the median survival rates of GB patients remain less than 18 months2,3. Tumor relapse owing to chemotherapeutic resistance is almost universal and GB is no exception, thus reflecting in high mortality and morbidity rates4. The WHO 2016 classification of brain tumors identifies GB tumors based on histology, molecular and genetic characterization into defined transcription profiles such as classical, neural, pro-neural and mesenchymal types5. Additionally, the commonly occurring genetic aberrations of primary GB are amplifications/mutations of EGFR, PDGFRA, PTEN, and of secondary GB are IDH1, MDM2

Glioma is a tumor that is a type of brain cancer. Glioma tumors are made up by cells called glial cells. Glial cells normally provide nutrition, oxygen, and structural support to the brain. Three types of glial cells can produce tumors. Gliomas are named after the type of glial cell that is involved in the tumor. A tumor is formed when the glial cells grow into an abnormal mass of tissue. Gliomas are one of the most common types of brain tumors that occur in adults.

Gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumor in adults and a critical cause of cancer mortality. According to the World Health Organization, gliomas classified into four grades, which are determined by the pathologic evaluation of the tumor. Low-grade gliomas (grades I and II) and high-grade gliomas (grades III and IV).

The American cancer society estimated that 18,500 people would be diagnosed with brain tumor and those 12,760 men and women would die of brain cancer in 2005.The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimated that 22,070 new cases of brain and other central nervous system (CNS) cancers would be diagnosed in the United States in 2009. The American Brain Tumor Association (ABTA) clarifies this statistic further by estimating that 62,930 new cases of primary brain tumors would be diagnosed in 2010. By the year 2030, there will be 26 million new cases, and the death toll will reach to around 1.7 million people. According to World Health Organization (WHO), there are more than 120 types of brain tumors.

Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is an aggressive type of childhood brain cancer with a grim prognosis. Upon hearing of this diagnosis, the inescapably care and unexpected challenges the parents and family will endure are overwhelming. Because the loss of a school-age friend, sibling, daughter, or son devastates homes and communities, this is a disease in critical need of a cure. Even though a small percent of the overall United States population is touched by a DIPG loss, the passing of a loved one is no less traumatizing. Once a child fights the battle, it’s not over; we’re always fighting no matter what the month maybe, there is no date when it comes to childhood cancer. In essence, awareness,

CNS tumors represent the second most frequent tumor of childhood and the most common pediatric solid tumor; approximately 2,200 patients under the age of 20 are diagnosed each year with invasive CNS tumors, and CNS tumors are the number one cause of death from childhood cancer. [1] Therapeutic strategies generally involve surgery as a primary intervention, but complete resection is often not possible due to tumor location. In such cases, adjunct therapies, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may be required based on the tumor histology and presence of residual tumor. [2]

Central neurocytoma is a rare tumor that affects young adults. Neurocytoma is characterized with its high reoccurrence rate after surgical resection. Unfortunately, the molecular cell origin of neurocytoma remains unknown till further investigation. Current and past studies has showed different genetic variations and reasons for the tumor that ranges from over expressed oncogenes like N-MYC and insulin factor growth 2, Platelets derived growth factor D and neuregulin. The tumor often involves the lateral ventricle of the brain. The current classification of brain tumors is centered on two theories, the first theory uses the phenotypic morphology of the tumor as an indicative of its origin.

The brain is made up of millions upon millions of cells. These cells are formed from before birth, up until about 7 years old. Once these brain cells stop dividing, they are never meant to divide again. You can see that the division of brain cells is under strict regulation and control. When this control is lost in a single cell, then it starts dividing in an uncontrolled manner. All of the data obtained through research on cancer shows that this disease is caused by a rapidly dividing cell, with no regulators to stop it from dividing. As the cell makes more and more copies of itself, it grows to form a tumor. This is known as cancer.

Glioblastoma (pronounced like gleO blastoma) is an incurable brain cancer,Survival rate is usually measured in months.This became a word that was instantly defined, researched, dissected, feared, and tried to comprehend and understand by family,friends and acquaintances of Larry McKee (McKee)who was personally affected from this single word, it was quickly added to their vocabulary, because of the of the events that transpired on October 22, 2011 that forever changed lives “Glioblastomas are tumors that arise from the astrocytes- the star-shaped cells that make up the “glue-like,” or supportive tissue of the brain. These tumors are usually highly malignant (cancerous) because the cells reproduce quickly and they are supported by a large network of blood vessels.”(A.B.T A..) He was diagnosed with stage four.

Glioblastoma Multiforme is a highly malignant, fast growing cancer that affects the surrounding brain tissue. Brittany Maynard was 29 years old when she died, on November 1, 2014. Maynard was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme on January 1,2014. After many tests, the doctors told her she had six months to live. She then moved from California to Oregon for that state’s Death With Dignity Act. The right-to-die law should be in every state because a person should have the right to make the decision to end his or her’s own life.

The diseases associated with FUBP1 include oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and oligoastrocytomas. Oligodendrogliomas are primary glial brain tumors and can be either low-grade (grade II) or high-grade (grade III). [2] Since oligodendrogliomas have a slow growth rate, they are often present for years before they are diagnosed. Nevertheless, the most common symptoms include: seizures, headaches, and personality changes. Altogether, the symptoms vary by location and size of the tumor. About 66 to 78 % of people with grade II oligodendroglioma survive for about 5 years after diagnoses, while 30 to 38 % of people with grade III will survive for about 5 years after they are diagnosed. [3] Astrocytoma is another type of brain cancer that stats in the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain, but can also appear in the cerebellum, which is the back of the brain. It is more common in men than in women. Like oligodendrogliomas, the most common symptoms of astrocytomas include: headaches, seizure, changes in behavior and memory loss. [4] Prognosis of astrocytomas depends on the type of astrocytoma. Altogether, a low-grade astrocytoma (LGA) has an 83 % 10-year overall survival, while the overall survival rate of a high-grade astrocytoma (HGA) range between 15-20%. In both oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas, the FUBP1 locus is mutated which leads to the inactivation of

Neuro-Oncology is the study of cancer in the brain, skull base, or spinal cord. They can also treat genetic disorders of a certain type such as Neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis is tumors that grow in the nervous system that is caused by a genetic disorder. The main purpose of the research was to gain information on Neuro- oncology, general information on brain tumors, and general information on specific tumor types. Central nervous system tumors include various gliomas such as glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytoma, brainstem glioma, ependymoma, and oligodendroglioma. Furthermore, meningioma and vestibular schwannomas. Other conditions neuro-oncologist can treat are central nervous system lymphoma, metastic disease to the spine

A person has a 0.55–0.7% chance of developing any type of brain tumor in their lifetime (Mohammadi and Schroeder 1). A brain tumor is a mass of abnormal cells located somewhere in the brain. Brain tumors can be caused by many different disorders including Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Some tumors caused by this disorder are inoperable. Inoperable brain tumors can now be treated using new advanced technology. Technological advances provide new hope for patients who have inoperable brain tumors and TSC.