Global Gps Systems : Global Positioning Systems

There is no longer a need to be a skilled map reader as GPS can provide directions anywhere to the most unskilled navigators, whether it be to a hospital for emergency treatment or a local point of interest for tourists and finds the shortest route16, making travel easier. GPS can also be used to track others16 which has made it far easier to find missing persons as with GPS becoming prevalent in phones and car, almost anyone can be tracked by one of these items. The impact of GPS on travel is unfathomable, it has made the method of navigation that was used for centuries almost obsolete and opened up the world to

Lots of people around the world use GPS on their phones and in their cars. Before the Space Race and GPS’s, it would take people much longer to get to their

In 1960 a scientist by the name of Dr. Ivan Getting left his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, he began developing the Global Positioning System. Together with a team of aerospace engineers and scientists, they started getting into the three dimension global positioning system concept. In 1957, at the start of the Cold War and the Space Race, the U.S.S.R. launched Sputnik, the first Soviet satellite. While observing Sputnik, U.S. scientists found out that they could track the satellite’s orbit by listening to the changes in its radio frequency using the Doppler effect, a technique that had previously been used to describe why the pitch of a car’s horn changes as it speeds away. In 1960, the knowledge gained from tracking Sputnik, the U.S Navy was able to launch transit, the first satellite navigational system, which was used to help guide the Navy fleets of missile submarines. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the Timation technique, a system that used a highly stable, synchronized clock in the satellite, a technology on which GPS was dependent by 1974, the first clocks were put into orbit. By 1978, the U.S. military launched the first four GPS satellites. Until 1983, GPS technology was available for U.S. military use only, until a tragedy occurred that the benefits of GPS technology could no longer be restricted from civilian use. In 1983, a civilian Korean Air airplane with 269 passengers, was shot down after entering Soviet airspace killing all passengers. In response to this tragedy, President Ronald Reagan said "that when GPS technology was operational, it will be free and available to the world". On Feb. 14, 1989, the first satellite was launched. On July 17, 1995, the GPS was complete. This system consists of 24

| * shows evidence of information on GPS’s from a brochure and a scientific source * accesses the scientific accuracy of the brochure by identifying areas of comparison in both publications noting any relevant missing information gives supporting statements for the assessment * evaluates the validity of the information in the brochure and gives supporting statements for the assessment * presents clear relevant drawings that show how waves are used in GPS’s * identifies how the properties of waves that make them useful for this type of technology * identifies some current research into the future development of GPS’s

GPS is one of the tools that scientist use to predict volcanic eruptions. This allows scientist to check underground for small earthquakes. The GPS tool can also detect if the magma is overpressured. If the pressure of the magma is to high, its a signal of eruption. The GPS can also detect the movement of magma underground which can also be a signal. These are so things that the GPS can do to help predict volcanic eruptions.

One main contributions to today’s advanced technology is the satellite. Though the first satellite was sent to space in 1957, people were not able to pick up a satellite connection to their home televisions until 1980. Today, 96.7 percent of Americans have a television in their household, which means 96.7 percent of Americans are using satellite connection ("Ownership of TV 1). Though people may not even think twice about it, satellites play a huge role in today’s society. When someone uses their navigator to figure out how to get to the closest Wal-Mart? They are using a satellite. When troops are searching for enemy troops and predicting missile attacks? They are using a satellite. When someone is watching the weather broadcast? They are

Powerful rockets are used to send artificial satellites into space. These 24 different satellites are positioned into a total of six orbits. The GPS satellites circle the Earth at an altitude of about 20,000 km (13,000 miles) and complete two full orbits every day in which the satellites broadcast radio waves towards the receiver. As technology advances, we began to further our understanding of the outer space by the use of rockets. These rockets are traveling miles beyond earth to study other planet life and compare earth to these outer planets.

As identified above, strengths are part of the internal environmental resources that can be control by the agency. In addition, strengths are seen as the resources that help the agency to realize its mission (Bryson, 2011). DPSCS-DPP uses Global Positioning System (GPS) to monitor and supervise offenders that are released to the community, especially the violent and the sex offenders who in most cases are considered public safety risk. Hence, the GPS is used to monitors these group of offenders on a regular basis because it allowed the agency to effectively supervise the offenders which in turns guaranteed protecting the public (i.e. victims and potential victims), hence fulfilling the agency’s mission statement that states “the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services protects the public, its employees, and detainees and offenders under its supervision” (DPSCS, n. d, para. 1).

There are 24 satellites that circle the earth every 12 hours. These satellites are split into six groups of four and each group creates an orbital plane. These six orbital planes allow the satellites to move in a way that covers the earth completely. GPS satellites transmit signals to equipment on the ground. An example is a GPS receiver (GPS receiver can only receive the signals form the satellites but they can’t transmit any signals). The receivers work best in an open outdoor area where there is a clear view to the sky. At any time there are always four visible satellites. The GPS receiver can calculate how far each satellite is based on the time it took the signal to reach the receiver. Using the distance from each satellite that the receiver calculated it could then use a process called trilateration to pinpoint the location of the receiver [1].

GPS works off of twenty-four satellites located 11,000 nautical miles above Earth's surface. These satellites track receivers, which are on Earth. Receivers can be GPS in a car, a chip located in a cell phone, military tracking devises, police radios, or even something as every day as a watch. The distance between the satellite and receiver is measured using the exact distance from six different satellites that locates a particular receiver on a particular path at the intersection of the two satellites. The exact distance and time that it takes to measure the distance is tracked and formulated to produce the exact longitudinal and latitudianl axis of the person being located. As complicated as the mathematical procedures sounds, the radio signals are transmitted instantaneously and the close approximate location of a subject is known at once.9

GPS is an important measure used in field surveys to accurately determine the position of a site. In this case, it was used to map the Capel Dewi MST mast array. At each mast on the border of the array, a measurement was taken in order to obtain a grid reference. The reference point was set up and coordinated accurately, and post processed accordingly. The data was then collected around the array and was repeated with three different rovers to measure precision and view the effects of using a different satellite system; the first two were ******** receivers and the third was a GLONASS receiver. The third rover was unable to obtain data on one side of the field as bushes were blocking the satellite signal. Data was spliced into the original data set to make up the shortfall. The precision of the data varies across the field, generally with a higher precision closer to the reference point. This is caused by points further away from the reference points going through the same post processing as the reference point, and as its true position is further from the reference point, the post processing is less accurate. However, there is some degree of variation from point to point depending on the position of the rover as the measurement was taken.

GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there’s no solar power. Small rocket boosters on each satellite help them keep flying in the correct path.

Accuracy: The accuracy of GPS is usually not enough when small scale of space and fine grained location discrimination are considered, especially on nonprofessional devices with poor quality. And due to its inherent large scale, GPS is difficult to maintain and update, while in many scenarios, the space of interest for localizing is highly dynamic.

Upon a request from a subscriber for location information about an MS, the service provider will contact a location control center querying it for the coordinates of the MS. This subscriber could be a commercial subscriber desiring to track a mobile device or a PSAP trying to answer an E-911 call. The location control center will gather information required to compute the MS’s location. This information could be parameters such as received signal strength, BTS ID, TOA of signals, and so on that we discuss later. Depending on past information about the MS, a set of BS’s could be used to page the MS, and directly or indirectly obtain the location parameters. These are sometimes called Geolocation base stations (GBSs). Once this information is collected, the location control center can determine the location of the mobile with certain accuracy and convey this information to the service provider. The service provider will then use this information to visually display the MS’s location to the subscriber. Sometimes the subscriber could be the MS itself, in which case the messaging and

In the 65 years since its inception satellite communications has been, and still is today, a vital key part of peoples everyday life – receiving TV and radio; providing essential communications to remote land areas and on the sea or in the air; allowing us to see and predict our climate / environment as well as allowing us to actively position and navigate.