Globalization and Indigenous Peoples

“In what ways did Indigenous peoples resist the non-Indigenous settlement of Australia in the frontier period and how did non-Indigenous peoples retaliate? In your answer, discuss and analyse the initial and ongoing impact on Indigenous communities.”

Indigenous people as defined by the Cobo report (1987) are “a group having a historical

The over-representation of Indigenous people in the criminal justice system is a large problem in society and reasons as to why this may be occurring need to be examined (Walker & McDonald, 1995; AIC, 2013). Indigenous Australians make up less than three per cent of the overall Australian population, however Indigenous people are over-represented in Australian prison populations, with imprisonment rates that are around 12 times those of the rest of the Australian population (AIC, 2013). Rates of over-representation are even higher in juvenile detention, with a 10-17 year old Indigenous person being around 24 times more likely to be in detention than a non-Indigenous person of the same age (AIC, 2013; Cunneen & White, 2011). Indigenous Australians overrepresentation in the criminal justice system is usually due to offences pertaining to violence and public disorder (ABS, 2010; Hogg & Carrignton, 2006). This is endorsed by the fact that Indigenous Australians currently make up 40 per cent of those imprisoned for assault offences (AIC, 2013). The over representation of Indigenous Australians in the criminal justice system may be attributed to a variety of reasons, known as risk factors (AIC, 2013).

Before we analyse the data of the health indicators and data in Aboriginal communities, we must recognise the sheer diversity of the Aboriginal peoples in Canada - who are so dispersed across the nation. This this severely limits our interpretation of data on Aboriginal communities as, there is little data on Aboriginal people who do not live on Aboriginal reservations in Canada (Cardwell and Wilson: 2005). Furthermore, the data that is often used in empirical studies of indigenous communities often condense complex data – making it exceptionally difficult to paint an accurate picture of disparities in the Aboriginal population of Canada. Health disparities are the indicators of a disproportionate burden of disease on a particular population. Whereas, health inequities point to the underlying causes of the disparities - which are related to social, economic, cultural, and political inequities (Adelson, 2005: 45). For example, the urban non-Aboriginal population in Canada has a higher level of education and income than the aboriginal population (Cardwell and Wilson: 2012). This is inherently important for improving the health of Aboriginal communities. As, Canada’s indigenous population are often recognised as some of the most disadvantaged and impoverished people in Canada, particularly when compared to the non-Aboriginal people.

The relationship between the Indigenous people of North America and the monarchies of Western Europe began over three centuries ago after it was realized there was more than fish and fur to be had across the Atlantic Ocean. Indigenous nations inhabited every corner of what is now Canada when France and Britain began to colonize the North East of the continent. Between these European states and many Indigenous nations there was trade, wars fought, treaties written, all of the standard practices of Nation to Nation relationships. Eventually with the defeat of the French imperial power, Britain effectively expanded their empire to include most of North America. The acquirement of those French claimed territories lead to the infamous Royal Proclamation of 1763. From here the relationship between the British Crown and the Aboriginal nations changed monumentally. Today the British Crown has been replaced by the Canadian Crown in Canada, a legally separate entity, as mentioned by Nathan Tidridge (2016) in “The Crown and Indigenous Peoples” (p.1). The relationship between First Nations and Settlers has gone from being between; “Nations and Tribes” (Royal Proclamation of 1763) and the Empire of Britain, to Institutions of the Federal Government (Indian/Indigenous and Northern affairs) and the many First Nations and Inuit Bands of Canada. However; the Proclamation has continued to stand and influence policy and decision making by colonial powers in regard to Aboriginal people in

The driving factor behind plant biotechnology is “social constructionism”, in which “social values and institutional domains and their culture shape technology” [Goyder chapter 10]. Bioengineering companies might declare social needs as the motive behind pursuing this technology. In reality, these capitalist institutions possess the much needed economic surplus to invest serve their own desires. The social needs they “intend” to solve are: world food shortage, increase agricultural productivity, help the environment by eliminating pesticides, improve nutrition of foods. Opponents of biotechnology, scientists, consumer advocates, environmental protection agencies, do not buy this claim. According to them, these reasons are just the pretence to fulfil “...capitalist’s profit-making via the deployment of technology, [3 Goyder chapter 5]. Most crop developments so far has been “profit-driven rather than need driven” [4, ten reasons why biotechnology will not ensure food security]. In a capitalistic society, patent laws under constitution permits ownership of seeds, living organisms; genes. Patents permit company like Monsanto could monopolize seed’s

According to the International Work Group for Indigenous Affair, the native people of America make up approximately 1.7% (5.1 million) of the diverse United States population. While that may not seem like much, it does not mean the indigenous are any less valuable or important than the rest of the population. The indigenous people are a group made up of native people whose line of ancestors started here. Their ancestors were native to, and had a claim to this land before North America was claimed to be discovered by Christopher Columbus. Since this “discovery” of America, the natives of this land have been viciously exploited and oppressed.

The concept of indigenous sovereignty is the most debated and contested subject among Indigenous academicians and politicians. To further expand the concept and understand indigenous sovereignty, Aileen brought a new insight and perspectives through the lenses of sociological thought. The Judicio-political is a commonly used approach by many theorists on indigenous sovereignty. In this respect, the author sought to challenge the concept of indigenous sovereignty situated within the Judicio-political framework and the overall epistemological foundation upon which it is built.

In the world today, many are cognizant of the injustices faced by Native Americans as a result of the westward expansion of white settlers. Nevertheless, one incident in the antiquity of White-Indian interactions is, in many ways, distinct, and founds one of the nation’s shadiest moments: the aggressive and forced removal of thousands of Cherokee peoples from their ancestral birthplace in the Southern highlands of Georgia from 1838 to 1839. Known today as “The Trail of Tears,” following their eviction, the Cherokee were made to march hundreds of miles through harsh terrain and weather conditions, in order to get to specific reservations crafted for them in the west at that time. This event, however, was seemingly inevitable, given past interactions between the Natives and the government. The Cherokee people, from the late eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth, faced issues involving their cultural identity and property, both of which would evermore change their traditions, customs, culture, and lives. Though from first hand documents we see that the Cherokee were of the more “civilized” tribes that excelled at espousing to Euro-American society, this was not enough to protect them from the wrath of the American government and settlers. Despite their great effort to persist in their land, they lost, but not without a fight. In this paper, I intend to examine the logical and moral arguments made by white institutions, like the Supreme Court, white settlers like William

What is an ‘indigenous’ religion or belief system? When we hear the term ‘indigenous religion’, what comes to our minds? How do we react internally when those words are mentioned? How do adherents of indigenous religions feel about those outside of their social and cultural circles, who know very little of their beliefs and who understand them even less. And how did the term ‘indigenous’ become associated with various belief systems that, in many cases, preceded most modern religions being practiced today?

There are three distinguishable aboriginal groups in Canada First Nations People. Metis, and Inuit; these three groups make 31% of Canada’s total population making them the largest population in Canada (Jeffries, 2014). In the past year the indigenous population in correction facilities has increased by more than 50% (Office of the correctional investigator, 2016). Amazingly “ Aboriginal Canadians are imprisoned at a rate of 756 per 100,000, nearly 10 time the non- Aboriginal rate of 76 per 100,000”( Jeffries, p. 450, 2014). There is a verity of reasons as to why the indigenous population has had such a drastic increase in the past 50 years; some being that they are less educated, have addictions and mental health concerns, and

The challenges faced By Indigenous Peoples in achieving justice, are both complex and extensive. These issues stem from successive centuries of asserted colonial power, which consequently has resulted in the undermining of rights for many Indigenous communities, including the Australian Aboriginal Peoples and Maori Peoples of New Zealand. Systemic abuse of power has resulted in the gradual erosion of Indigenous culture, and as thus, rights of Indigenous communities, including Intellectual Property and Cultural Rights, have been neglected. As a result, a growing body of declarations, statements, and other developments both within governmental systems, as well as in the wider international justice arena have been received. However, many

Canadian citizens understand genocide to be a terrible thing that other countries have done, or are doing. The eradication of an entire population of civilian women, men, and children along with their culture and national sovereignty is something we condemn in our media. When we see genocide happening elsewhere, we debate when we should step in with economic sanctions or military action when it is time to put a stop to a crime against humanity. Rarely, if ever, do we examine our own history long enough to understand that Canada was created by people who committed genocide against the people who were already living here.

Indigenous people take up a big role in world, in subjects like human rights, governance, cultural and linguistic diversity and environmental protection. Indigenous people in Canada share their knowledge and experiences with other Indigenous groups, states and International organizations around the world. In doing so the Canadian government fully supports these steps. Not a lot of people know there is over “three hundred seventy million Indigenous people in more than seventy countries around the world” (Canada website). The government of Canada has introduced many Indigenous issues or activities to institutions like the United Nations (UN), the Organization of the American States (OAS) and many other multilateral and bilateral institutions. Government of Canada’s goal is to work on a international level to get Indigenous people their rights. To do so the Government of Canada is working with many Indigenous organizations like Assembly of First Nations, the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples, Inuit

Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people: the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society.