Glomerular Filtration Rate

An individual presenting with signs and symptoms of DI will have large volumes of dilute urine excretion, excessive thirst, and possible dehydration. The healthcare provider needs to document that osmotic diuresis is not caused by glucose or another type of kidney disease. If those findings are not the cause of diuresis, continuation of the diagnosis of DI can continue. Usually, a 24-hour urine is observed and documented at the beginning of suspected DI (Grossman & Porth, 2014). Lab work, such as urine and plasma osmolality is very important. In central DI, plasma osmolality will have normal to high levels of sodium (>142mEq/L) due to the significant amount of water loss. When the urine osmolality is less than the serum osmolality, DI is very indicative (Bichet, 2013a). The healthcare provider must look at the urine specific gravity, hematocrit, and sodium levels. In DI, the urine is very dilute and the serum, or blood, is very concentrated. Lab work will reflect a low urine specific gravity and urine osmolality, while the serum sodium and hematocrit will be high. Once central DI is suspected, an MRI of the pituitary-hypothalamic area is used to determine the cause (Grossman & Porth, 2014). According to Grossman and Porth (2014), when assessing an MRI, “a bright-spot is related to the content of stored ADH. This high-intensity signal is present in most

The purpose of the experiment was to help us better understand how water, Coke and Gatorade effected the renal system. The goal was to test and see if my hypothesis were correct regarding the urine specific gravity, urine flow rate, and presents of reagents using the Labstix. My hypothesis for this experiment was that the Gatorade drinkers will have the highest urine flow rate and that non-drinkers would have the highest urine specific gravity. Water is hypo-osmotic and coke contains a high amount of sugar making it hyperosmotic relative to plasma. Gatorade consists of large amounts of electrolytes making it iso-osmatic relative to the plasma. Based on these characteristics of the consumed substances, we are able to study the hormonal effects on the average UFR and USG.

Polyuria: is more than normal or increased urine output. Water homeostasis is controlled by a complex balance of water intake, renal perfusion, glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption of solutes, and reabsorption of water from the renal collecting ducts. When intake of water increases, blood volume rises and blood osmolality falls, lowering the release of ADH (arginine vasopressin, which promotes water reabsorption) in the hypothalamic pituitary system. With the lowering of ADH there is a rise in urine volume, which allows blood osmolality to return to normal. Urine containing large amounts of glucose has high osmotic pressure, which attracts water, so that urine output rises (osmotic diuresis).

How study was conducted was that the first eleven adults, Group A, were randomly selected to drink 355 mL of water mixed with 0, 68, 170, or 250 mg sucralose. There were also 11 adults in Group B who were randomly selected to drink 355 mL seltzer water, 355 mL diet cola with no caffeine that was sweetened with 68 sucralose mg and 41 mg ace-K, or 68 mg sucralose and 41 mg ace-K in 355 mL of seltzer water. The last group, Group C, were randomly selected to drink 0 or 68 mg sucralose in 240 mL water. Exams were performed carefully with an I-Class UPLC (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) , UPLC BEH C-18 column combined with a Q-Exactive MS (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with an HESI-II electrospray

9. Explain why the glomerulus is such a high-pressure capillary bed. It is both fed and drained by arterioles (which are highpressure vessels compared to venules), and the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole.

Diabetic Nephropathy often begins with hyperglycemia due to an increase of osmotic pressure (William & Hopper, 2011). It then leads to cell expansion and an increase in glomerular filtration rate or (GHR) (William & Hopper, 2011). Thus, kidneys will then receive less blood supply due to atherosclerosis of blood vessels (William & Hopper, 2011). Protein then will leak into the urine due to the capillaries in the glomerular thickining (William & Hopper, 2011). Theses patients most often have problems completely emptying the bladder of urine (William & Hopper, 2011). Most often they will report massive edema and nephrotic syndrome due to the high levels of protein in the urine (William & Hopper, 2011). The patient at this

To explain how diabetes affects the different systems, we need to know how the act normally. The urinary system normal function is to maintain the acid-base balance, conserve fluids, regulate the amount of salts and water in the blood and eliminate liquid waste, known as urea. The urinary system works together with the lungs, skin and intestines to maintain the balance of chemicals and water in the body. The typical adult urinates approximately twenty-seven to sixty-eight fluid once a day of urine. The urinary system includes 2 kidneys (the primary organs in the urinary system), ureters, a bladder and urethra. The kidney is where the filtration occurs, it balances salts and waters. The kidney’s is where nephrons also known as filtering units.

Angiotensin II stimulates blood flow by increasing a person's arterial blood pressure. High blood pressure destroys the glomerulus filtration by over spilling proteins. The increase in blood volume cause secretion of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone which return cause sodium and fluid to build up in the kidney. Because the patient already has poor blood flow, the ACE inhibitors cause the arterial and venous blood pressure to decrease even

A decrease of water in the blood is perceived by the Hypothalamus. The Hypothalamus nerve cells produce a kind of water pill hormone called (ADH). ADH hormones enters the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and exist through the rear lobe of the pituitary gland. ADH starts an increase in the absorption of water to the distal consulate tubes and collecting ducts of the nephron. Water is transported from being filtered back into the blood, causing an increase collection of water in the blood leading to more blood volume. Therefore, increasing the blood pressure and decreasing the urine output amounts.

The urine sample provided was clear and yellow with no frothing indicating that there was little or no protein in the urine. The sample contained no cells or crystals but did contain a small number of hyaline casts. The lack of cells indicates the filtration membrane is at least partially intact, the casts are not necessarily associated with pathology and are more likely due to exercise or dehydration although can be due to renal failure (Serafini-Cessi, Malagolini and Cavallone 2003). Dehydration and exercise decrease the urine output due to vasoconstriction of the renal arteries, stimulating the release of Tamm-Horsfall protein to help protect against calcium crystallisation and UTIs (Serafini-Cessi, Malagolini and Cavallone 2003).

The body releases natriuretic peptides to keep the body in balance. ANP and BNP are released from the heart due to high pressures and volume from too much fluid. It tells your kidneys to excrete water and sodium. Urodilatin is released from the kidneys.

The kidneys play an extremely important role in maintenance of potassium. They are responsible for excretion, via feces and sweat. Due to the renin-aldosterone system controlled

Four different testing groups were considered during this experiment in order to measure the changes in urine flow rate, urine specific density and urine pH. The groups included a water-drinking group to represent a hyperosmotic fluid with a pH near that of the plasma, a Gatorade-drinking group, which expressed a lower pH with an isosmotic quality in relation to plasma and a Coke-drinking group, which served as another more acidic pH in respect to the plasma. Coke also contains caffeine and is hyperosmotic to plasma. The last testing group was a non-drinking sample that did not ingest any fluid throughout the duration of the study. The subjects were instructed to fast for five hours prior and to void an hour before the start of the experiment in order to create similar levels of blood osmolarity and hydration in all participants. To begin the study, the participants voided to take measurements of volume voided, urine specific density using a urinometer and urine pH using pH strips.

Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant drug and is commonly found in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola and other products. It is commonly ingested drugs globally and is one of the most studied. Caffeine is a white solid material at room temperature; classified as alkaloid- a nitrogen-containing basic compound that is obtained from plants and has physiologic effects in the body. The number of experimental studies reported increased urination (diuresis) after caffeine intake of 3.4-6 mg/kg/day, which was in some cases associated with increased natriuresis or the excretion of sulfate. Although 6mg/kg caffeine increased urine flows and sweat electrolyte excretion in response to exercise, there was no overall effect on hydration status (Killer,

Each trial consisted of two hours of steady state cycling at 70% VO2 peak immediately followed by an all out time trial. Study A compared placebo (no caffeine), caffeine before the trial (precaf), during trial (durcaf), and cola as a replacement for a 6% CHO (carbohydrate/sugar) sports drink just before the final time trial. Study B was similar to study A, but moved up the cola drink intake to allow the athletes to consume the cola at a rate that simulated race conditions. Study B also compared decaffeinated 6% CHO cola (control), caffeinated 6% CHO cola (Caf), decaffeinated 11% CHO cola (extraCHO), and caffeinated 11% CHO (Coke). This allowed determination of whether effects were from caffeine, increased sugar content, or some combination.