Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Essay

Type II Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes or aadult onset diabetes. It is a medical disorder that, due to a number of factors codependent with the modern world, is characterized by higher than normal blood glucose levels that play havoc with insulin deficiency and resistance. Insulin resistance means that cells do not respond appropriately when there is free insulin in the blood system. Essentially, they body is reacting to an improper balance of sugars and insulin. Because obesity is often present, research suggests that even thought the mechanisms controling glucose and insulin are unclear, the adopose tissue likely

When the blood glucose levels rise above the optimum, the pancreas detects this, and sends a metabolic signal for the pancreas to produce insulin in the beta cells. The beta cells are a part of a cluster of cells called the Islets of Langerhan. The hormone insulin is made here because the pancreas is a part of the endocrine system. (4) Insulin helps our cells convert glucose into energy, and it helps our bodies store extra glucose for use later. Insulin does this by turning the extra food into larger packages of glucose called glycogen. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles. When the body consumes food the pancreas will produce more insulin than normal as more is needed, and less insulin when it is not needed as much. (7)

Type 2 Diabetes is a disease that is found in a variety of age groups around the world. This disease is growing at a rapid rate and it is impacting the health of this generation and future generations to come. Diabetes is a disease that impairs the body’s ability to produce or respond to the insulin hormone produced by the pancreas. The insulin allows for the glucose to be effectively used as energy throughout the body. Diabetes causes carbohydrates to be abnormally digested, which can raise blood glucose levels. This means that the glucose is not being taken up by the cells that need it. The cells cannot take up the excess glucose that has accumulated in the blood, so it is excreted through the urine. This can lead to problems with the kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and eyes because high blood glucose can damage the blood vessels of these organs. This diseased is managed by adopting a diet low in fat and high in fiber, increasing physical activity, losing excess weight, and not smoking. If this

Diabetes is a disease that affects the body’s ability to produce or use insulin. It is a precursor to numerous other diseases, which can quickly deteriorate patient’s health if

Treatment of diabetes is important to minimize the harm that is done to the body by diabetes. In addition to exercise and a special diet, type 1 diabetes patients need regular insulin injections to lower the blood sugar levels, while people with type 2 diabetes usually don’t need insulin shots, most of them require insulin tablets in addition to healthy diets and regular exercise and a few don’t even need the insulin tablets. (2, 7)

Insulin resistance is the first physiological change occurring in type two diabetes. In these type two diabetic patients, insulin is unable to move glucose into liver, kidney and muscle cells although insulin is able to attach properly to the cell surface receptors. In order to rectify this, most patients with type two diabetes start secreting normal to very high levels of insulin, which can initially overcome this resistance. After a while, the pancreas cannot keep up with this high insulin production and the cells become resistant to glucose intake. Persistent hyperglycemia or high blood glucose levels are not desirable since this causes damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produces the insulin hormone. This damage to beta cells further hampers insulin synthesis and patients at this stage are categorized as full-blown diabetic. Such patients consistently show a hyperglycemia state even after hours of fasting ( Hinkle & Cheever,

For unknown reasons, the body of a T1D attacks the insulin producing cells, called islets, that are formed in the pancreas and destroys them. This type of attack is known as an autoimmune disorder (Diabetes Research Institute Foundation [DRIF], n.d.). Insulin is the hormone that allows sugar to enter cells, and produce energy. The body now sees islet cells as foreign and eventually the pancreas yields little to no islet cells. Once there are no more islet cells to produce the insulin hormone the sugar levels in the blood become high, called hyperglycemia. This disturbance in homeostasis is not like type 2 diabetes (T2D), where the body becomes insulin resistant. In a T2D, the pancreas still produces islet cells and they are still

It is no secret that Diabetes type II is rapidly becoming a public health problem that is attacking epidemic proportions worldwide. In fact, according to an online article by the Washington post titled, “CDC Says Diabetes Numbers Increasing,” Author Stein, Rob claims that the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has estimated that as of the year 2012, approximately 26 million Americans were clinically diagnosed with type II diabetes. Not to be confused type I diabetes however. Type I diabetes is where the body is typically insulin-dependent as beta cells are constantly attacked and destroyed by the immune system. Type II diabetes on the other hand, is where the body, may or may not make enough insulin; a hormone that serves to regulate the movement of sugars into the cells, and if it does make enough insulin, the body tends to not respond to it properly. In other words, one suffering from type II diabetes does not convert sugar into energy, but rather stores it in their bloodstream. This has caused type II diabetes to be the most common form of its type. As a result, those who suffer from type II Diabetes normally result in extra body-fat, hypertension, and high cholesterol.

Diabetes is a very common chronic medial disorder and expected to be a big medical challenge of the twenty first century (Clark, 2004). It is a condition, in which the glucose level in the blood becomes so high that the body is unable to utilize it properly. This long-term condition results when the pancreas of the victim is either not able to produce enough insulin (sometimes even cannot produce any insulin) or the insulin produced cannot work properly. Diabetes is divided into two main types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1, also known as insulin dependent diabetes milletus (Masharani, 2008) cannot be prevent while Type 2 can be prevented but if the patient is at pre-diabetes stage.

Type I diabetes is often diagnosed in young children and is caused when the immune system attacks the pancreatic beta cells in the body. This stops the production of insulin, which is bad because the patient can no longer absorb glucose like a normal person. This causes the body to use fat as an energy source. Type I diabetes becomes a burden to the patient, who has to constantly monitor their blood pressure and inject insulin into their bodies on a daily basis. Experiments on mice have shown that it is possible to use embryonic stem cells to create immature pancreatic beta cells once transplanted into the pancreas. When these pancreatic beta cells mature they will be able to produce insulin for the body. One drawback is that when the cells mature they will have to divide and this could cause tumors in the pancreas. If scientists can figure out a way to stop the tumors, it would be a major breakthrough in finding the cure to Type I diabetes (Boseley,

The condition is characterized by reduced secretion of insulin and insulin resistance in the body which leads to increased demand for insulin in the body. Consequently, the pancreatic B-cell is unable to meet the need for insulin which leads to an upsurge in blood glucose level. The disease causes eventual failure of body organs including eyes, nerves, kidneys, heart and blood vessels which will ultimately cause death. Poor lifestyle which comprises poor diet and reduced exercise is the primary cause of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes has become one of the leading killer diseases and is rapidly growing thus raising concern (Sherwin,

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disorder in which the body does not properly respond to insulin well, thus allowing high concentrations of glucose to

Though there are many hypoglycemic agents available for the treatment of diabetes, insulin remains an important therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes. This is because the natural history of type2 diabetes is characterized by progressive loss of beta cell function resulting into type 1 phenotype [28]. Due to this, exogenous insulin therapy is often required to achieve optimal glycemic control, even in type 2 diabetes [29]. If insulin is used appropriately, it is almost always

The beta cells release insulin into the bloodstream to reduce glucose levels and to keep the blood glucose in a healthy range. Most cells in of the body have certain receptors on their surface that bind to the circulating insulin. Insulin acts like a key in a lock to open up the cells so that the circulating glucose can get inside the cell. Now, the cell can use the glucose to produce the energy it needs to function properly. However, if a person has type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic beta cells lose their ability to produce insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels and complications. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system, specifically the white blood cells, mistake the pancreatic beta cells for foreign invaders. In autoimmune response, the white blood cells emit autoantibody that destroys the beta cells. As a result, the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Without insulin, glucose cannot get into the cells, so they are starved for the calories they should be receiving from glucose. In addition, the glucose level builds up in the bloodstream, resulting in a condition called hyperglycemia.

producing beta cells of the pancreas (Mandal). A lack of insulin in the blood means inadequate