Glucose And Glycolysis Lab Report

Glucagon acts on liver cells to promote breakdown of glycogen into glucose and formation of glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids.

Background Research: Cellular Respiration is used by the cells to make ATP, by releasing chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules. There are 3 stages to Cellular Respiration, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain. The inputs of Glycolysis are 2 ATP’s, a Glucose molecule, and a Pyruvate. The inputs for the Krebs Cycle are oxygen, and. In animals, energy is consumed by eating food. In that food they eat, Glucose is found and broken down by the process of cellular respiration, which then converts into energy known as ATP. When there is a lot of ATP and Glucose, the liver converts it into glycogen.

As we eat protein, fat and carbohydrates, as the main energy source, carbohydrates or glucose (simple sugar) break down into complex molecules. We need steady supply of glucose in between meals and at times like doing extensive workouts, there is an elevated demand for

2.Replenish-Taking in carbohydrates to help in complete gain of the lost muscles glycogen and liver glycogen so that you are ready for the next training session.

The endurance of exercise performance could be limited by the availability of muscle glycogen (Roberts PA1 2016).

Immediate ingestion of carbohydrate is important because insulin sensitivity causes the muscle cell membranes to be more permeable to glucose within 45 minutes post-exercise. This results in faster rates of glycogen storage and provides the body with enough

glycogenolysis. However, muscle fatigue depends on many factors and in our time, is still not

Every living cell in the body requires energy for survival. Typically, energy is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate), and in order for this energy to be created it needs glucose (sugar). The cells in the body depend on glucose for energy; however, there is no direct pathway for sugar to reach most cells in the body. Thus, the pancreas consumes all of the sugar intake from the food that has been eaten and

Glucose is a form of energy derived from carbohydrates. All living organisms requires energy to live and thrive. When glucose is ingested it is transported through the circulatory system by the various tissues and organs. This glucose will be used by the muscular and nervous system to complete day to day task. If the body is not in need of glucose it will be stored in the form of glycogen for a later date. The entire process starts with carbohydrates, for this paper we will be tracing the path of glucose starting with ingestion to the planter surface of the right foot. The glucose we are ingesting starts for example as a slice of pizza.

For this experiment, blood lactate was maintained with only a slight variation at the 75 minute time point, in which the value of blood lactate was 3.13 mmol/L. The other time points (from the 15 minute time point through the 90 minute time point) indicated a blood lactate value within the range of 1-2 mmol/L. The baseline value was slightly lower than 1 (0.953). During the TAT, the subject’s blood lactate rose to 7.82 mmol/L and continued to stay elevated 10 minutes post-exercise (7.64 mmol/L).

2a) Blood glucose levels are controlled by the liver where glucose is produced and sent out through the body via blood. This glucose is used to produce energy in the form of ATP. When blood glucose levels are low, there is an insufficient amount of glucose available than what the body needs, so glucagon is released. This promotes the production of glucose through amino acids into Acetyl-CoA and then glucose. It is released into the bloodstream and blood glucose levels return back to normal. When blood glucose levels are high, insulin levels in the bloodstream also rise and this causes the synthesis of fructose-2-6-biphosphate. This molecule activates phosphofructokinase and inhibits fructose biphosphatase. Phosphofructokinase is responsible for catalyzing the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate while fructose biphosphatase is responsible for stopping the production of glucose.

This experiment observes the effects of insulin and glucagon on the relative blood glucose levels in the mesenteric artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein by times of fasting and postprandial. Blood Glucose is the amounts of sugar, or glucose within the blood system. This is important because body’s cells need glucose to create energy or ATP. Normal blood glucose levels range from 70-120mg/dl. Postprandial levels would range between 130-150mg/dl and fasting levels would be 50-60mg/dl. Insulin is stimulated by high blood glucose levels, once stimulated it works to transport excess glucose into the liver or other parts of the body, typically being muscle and fat tissue. This is known as glycogenesis, the synthesis of glucose into glycogen to be used for later energy production. Glucagon is stimulated by low blood glucose levels, once it is stimulated it can go through glycogenolysis which will convert the glycogen back into glucose to help level out the blood glucose levels. Gluconeogenesis is performed when there is no more glycogen to create glucose or any other carbohydrates. Therefore the body must create glucose

or action of insulin. During periods of low blood glucose, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen and inhibits glucose breakdown by glycolysis in the liver and stimulates glucose synthesis by gluconeogenesis. This increases blood glucose. When glucose enters the bloodstream from the intestine after a carbohydrate-rich meal, the resulting increase in blood glucose causes increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon secretion. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by muscle tissue where glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Insulin also activates glycogen synthase so that much of the glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glycogen. It also stimulates the storage of excess fuels as fat (Lehninger, 1993).

Research shows the existence of a relationship between the pre-exercise levels of glycogen and the capacity of exercises for the enduring activities. Glycogen is essential for athletic activities. During the first hours after exercise, re-synthesis of glycogen in depleted muscles is high, if there is sufficient supplementation of the carbohydrates (Kuipers et al.1987). According to Friedlander et al. (2006), the use of fat in the body increases during mild exercises but reduces during exercise of high intensity. The factors that modulate the substrate and metabolic responses set by the flux of energy include gender, the duration of exercising, training status, and balance of energy. Due to the increased percentage of the energy expenditure

How does the glucose concentration effects the time taken for the potassium permanganate to decolourise from purple to colourless ?