Glycolytic Pathway

There are two types of cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs when there is oxygen present and in the mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells) and the cytoplasm (in prokaryotic cells). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; it proceeds through the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is a cycle of producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to thirty-four ATPs. Anaerobic respiration is known as a process called fermentation. It occurs in the cytoplasm and molecules do not enter the mitochondria for further breakdown. This process helps to produce alcohol in yeast and plants, and lactate in animals. Only two ATPs are produced through this process. In yeast fermentation is used to make beer, wine, and whiskey.

There are three main energy systems used in a game of touch football which consist of the creatine phosphate (ATP PC) system, lactic acid system and the aerobic system. Each system plays a vital role during game play. Every muscle in your body requires energy to perform all movements, and to do this, the energy is produced by the breakdown of a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is found in all cells which is a chemical form of muscular activity and performs mostly all functions in the human body. It contains 3 phosphate groups and adenosine. ATP is stored in the muscles and lasts for approximately 10-30 seconds. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins, are all producers of ATP from the food we eat; however Creatine Phosphate is

ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of life. The cells use a form of energy called ATP to power almost all activities, such as muscle contraction, protein construction, transportation of substrates, communication with other cells and activating heat control mechanisms. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), an energy-bearing molecule found in all living cells. Formation of nucleic acids, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and many other energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are made possible by the energy in ATP molecules. The energy in ATP is obtained from the breakdown of foods.

As stated before the three energy systems used by the body are the ATP-PC, anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic system. The ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis system (also known as lactic acid system) are anaerobicly based meaning that they don’t need a sufficient amount of oxygen to produce ATP. The aerobic system requires oxygen to produce ATP hence its name. All three system have fuels’ which produce energy. The ATP-PC uses phoso creatine and creatine phosphate, the lactic acid system uses glycogen and the aerobic system uses glycogen and triglycerides . Glycolysis refers to the breaking down of glycogen to from glucose which is used in ATP.

ATP is the main energy molecule in cells and has a unique function as an energy transferor. This molecule contains nitrogenous base adenine connected to three molecules of phosphorus. The last 2 phosphates are high energy bonds. When ATP releases the terminal phosphate, energy is released while forming a new compound ADP. ADP can be remade with another phosphate to form ATP again

Introduction: Cellular respiration and fermentation are used in cells to generate ATP. All cells in a living organism require energy or ATP to perform cellular tasks (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg. 162). Since energy can not be created (The first law of thermodynamics) just transformed, the cell must get its energy from an outside source (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg.162). “Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions is called metabolism” (Urry, Lisa A., et al., pg. 142). Cells get this energy through metabolic pathways, or metabolism. As it says in Campbell biology, “Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are called catabolic pathways” (Urry, Lisa A., et al. pg.

One of the most significant reactions in Glycolysis is reaction one which involves the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. Through the transfer of the hydrolysis of ATP, this supplies energy for the reaction and makes it essentially irreversible, having a negative free energy change, which allows for a spontaneous reaction in cells. Although the preparatory phase is energy consuming and uses up 2 ATP, the pay off phase synthesizes 4 molecules of ATP, with the transfer of 4e- via 2 hydride ions to 2 molecules of NAD+. Therefore, a net gain of 2 ATP is achieved through the glycolytic pathway alone. Following the glycolytic pathway, due to the absence of oxygen, as oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to undergo aerobic respiration, the athlete will instead, undergo lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation involves pyruvate that is formed from the glycolytic pathway to be reduced to lactate, with the aid of the enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, while the coenzyme Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is oxidised to NAD+. The product NAD+ then re-enters the glycolytic pathway in order to produce 2 ATP. This process of lactic acid fermentation produces 2 ATP for each cycle, and thus, rapidly supplies the body with a small amount of energy. However, with the buildup of lactic acid in the body, the athlete will eventually encounter the feeling of discomfort as this accumulation of lactate causes the body to

Aerobic respiration happens only when oxygen is presented in the cell. Aerobic respiration starts with pyruvate crossing into the mitochondria. When it passes through, a Coenzyme A will attach to it producing Acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH. Acetyl CoA will enter into the Krebs cycle. In the Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA will bound with Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA), a four carbon molecule, producing the six carbon molecule, Citric Acid. Citric Acid will reorganize into Isocitrate. This will lose a CO2 and make a NADH turning itself into alpha ketoglutarate, a five carbon molecule. Alpha ketoglutarate will turn into an unstable four carbon molecule, which attaches to CoA making succinyl CoA. During that process a CO2 and NADH is made. An ATP is made when CoA leaves and creates Succinate. This molecule is turned into Fumarate, creating two FADH2 in the process. Then Fumarate is turned into Malate then into OAA making two NADH. Only two ATP is produced in Krebs cycle but the resulting NADHs and FADH2s are passed through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase. When the molecules passes through that cycle a total of 28 ATP molecules are produced. In all aerobic respiration produces 32 ATP and waste products of H2O and

Our body produces energy called ATP. ATP is the renewable energy source for our cells that consists of 3 phosphates, a sugar and an adenine ring. ATP can be produced in two ways, through aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration occurs when there is oxygen, and anaerobic occurs when oxygen is not available. Also there are normally 3 phases in respiration, glycolysis, krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. During glycolysis the glucose splits into two

There are 3 different types of energy systems. The first system is the ATP system. The body works in the ATP system for the first 5-9 seconds of the activity and then after this time period the body will then move into either the Aerobic System or the Anaerobic System depending on the event or exercise we are doing.

Some knowledge that is needed before performing this lab are as follows: First of all, cellular respiration is the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules. This process includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain. Glycolysis is a process that takes place in te cytosol and it oxidizes glucose into two pyruvate. Glycolysis also makes ATP and NADH. The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondria and this process takes the pyruvate and breaks it down into carbon dioxide. But it also produces 3 CO2, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, and 4 NADH. The electron transport chain takes place in the inner mitochondrial

Anaerobic is the main training for athletes in strength and endurance sports. The ATP-PC (adenosine triphosphate phosphocreatine) and the lactic acid systems are the two main energy chains comprised for these events.

Cellular respiration is a procedure that most living life forms experience to make and get chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The energy is synthesized in three separate phases of cellular respiration: glycolysis, citrus extract cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are both anaerobic pathways because they do not bother with oxygen to form energy. The electron transport chain however, is aerobic due to its use of oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is the procedure in which ATP particles are created with the help of oxygen atoms (Campbell, 2009, p. 93). During which, organic food molecules are oxidized to synthesize ATP used to drive the metabolic reactions necessary to maintain the organism’s physical integrity and to support all its activities (Campbell, 2009, pp. 102-103).

All three of your energy systems ultimately run on ATP: It’s the fuel source for all your physical functions, from eating to breathing to running hill sprints. Your glycolytic and oxidative systems (which we’ll cover shortly) make most of this ATP to order, cobbling it together from the food you eat and the air you breathe as need arises.

Glycolysis is the predominant energy system for intense exercise lasting up to 2 minutes and is the second-fastest way to resynthesize ATP (Lethem, 2014).